Sources by country

Where each country’s conflict figures come from. The closed row names the bodies and kinds of work the atlas draws on, with what each is used for. Open a country for every dataset, book, archive and report behind its numbers. 163 countries; 978 cited works.

CountryConflict sources · what each is used for
▶AfghanistanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007International bodies · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Khalidi, Noor Ahmad (1991). 'Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War, 1978-1987'. Central Asian Survey, 10(3): 101-126. · Civilian deaths · Soviet-Afghan War: Afghan war deaths link
  • United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (2023). A barrier to securing peace: Human rights violations against former government officials and former armed force members in Afghanistan, 15 August 2021 - 30 June 2023. Kabul: UNAMA. · State killings, prisoners · Taliban reprisals against former government officials since 2021 link
▶AlbaniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶AlgeriaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deathsGovernment records · Civilian deathsRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (3)

  • Comite national pour la liberation des detenus (CNLD), as reported in US Department of State (2023). 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Algeria. Washington, DC. · Prisoners · Post-Hirak detention of activists in Algeria link
  • France 24 (2012). 'France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on', 16 March 2012 (Algerian official/historians' figure). · Civilian deaths · Algerian War: all Algerian deaths (official) link
  • Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. London: Macmillan, p. 538 (citing French sources). · Civilian deaths · Algerian War: Muslim civilians killed or abducted by the FLN
▶AngolaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶ArgentinaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, custody deathsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · ExecutionsInternational bodies · PrisonersNews media · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (24)

  • Amnesty International, Report of an Amnesty International Mission to Argentina, 6-15 November 1976 (London, March 1977), p. 18 · Prisoners · Detainees at the disposal of the Executive (PEN) under the state of siege, before the 1976 coup link
  • Amnesty International, Report of an Amnesty International Mission to Argentina, 6-15 November 1976 (London, March 1977), p. 19 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held by the military junta, January 1977 link
  • Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS), '2001: el reseteo político desde la protesta', December 2024 · State killings · Repression of the 19-20 December 2001 protests link
  • Comision Nacional sobre la Desaparicion de Personas (CONADEP) (1984). Nunca Mas. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA. · State killings · State terrorism and disappearances (Dirty War)
  • CONADEP, Nunca Más (1984), as cited by Página/12, 'Los crímenes de la Triple A son de lesa humanidad', 18 March 2008 · State killings · Triple A parastate death-squad killings, 1973-1976 link
  • CONADEP, Nunca Más: Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas (Eudeba, 1984), Capítulo III.B 'Detenidos a disposición del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional' · Prisoners · Detainees at the disposal of the Executive (PEN) under the 1974-1983 state of siege link
  • CORREPI (Coordinadora contra la Represión Policial e Institucional), Archivo de casos 1983-2022 (presented March 2023), reported by ANRed · State killings · People killed by the state repressive apparatus since 10 December 1983 (CORREPI archive) link
  • CORREPI, Archivo 2023 (March 2024), reported by La Izquierda Diario · State killings · People killed by the state repressive apparatus under the Frente de Todos government, Dec 2019-Dec 2023 (CORREPI) link
  • CORREPI, Archivo 2023 (presented 15 March 2024), reported by La Izquierda Diario · State killings · People killed by the state repressive apparatus since 10 December 1983 (CORREPI archive) link
  • CORREPI, Archivo 2024 (March 2025), reported by Acción (accion.coop), 28 March 2025 · Custody deaths, state killings · Deaths in state custody, 2024 (CORREPI); 'Gatillo fácil' police shootings, 2024 (CORREPI) link
  • CORREPI, Archivo 2024: Represión, tortura y muerte bajo el régimen de Milei (March 2025), reported by Acción (accion.coop), 28 March 2025 · State killings · People killed by the state repressive apparatus since 10 December 1983 (CORREPI archive) link
  • CORREPI, Archivo de casos 1983-2022 (March 2023), reported by ANRed · Custody deaths · Deaths in state custody, 2022 (CORREPI) link
  • Figure used by Argentine human-rights organizations (Madres de Plaza de Mayo, Abuelas, CELS and others); on its origin see Crenzel, Emilio (2008). La historia politica del Nunca Mas: La memoria de las desapariciones en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI. · State killings · State terrorism and disappearances (Dirty War)
  • Infobae, '25 de mayo de 1973: la historia secreta de la vertiginosa noche en que Cámpora liberó a los presos políticos', 25 May 2018 (based on interview with Interior Minister Esteban Righi) · Prisoners · Political prisoners held at the end of the Lanusse dictatorship, freed 25 May 1973 link
  • Justicia Ya (coalition of Argentine human-rights organisations, incl. Liga Argentina por los Derechos del Hombre), estimate quoted in La Nación, 'Hubo 600 desaparecidos antes del 76', 2006 · State killings · Triple A parastate death-squad killings, 1973-1976 link
  • Marcelo Larraquy, Argentina. Un siglo de violencia política (Sudamericana), excerpted in Infobae, 9 June 2021 · Executions · Executions after the Valle uprising, 9-12 June 1956 link
  • Parque de la Memoria (Buenos Aires), '48 años de la Masacre de Trelew', citing the 2012 Tribunal Oral Federal de Comodoro Rivadavia verdict · State killings · Trelew massacre, 22 August 1972 link
  • Salvador Ferla, Mártires y Verdugos (Ediciones Revelación, Buenos Aires, 1972), as summarised by Ignacio Cloppet, Perfil opinion column · Executions · Executions after the Valle uprising, 9-12 June 1956 link
  • Secretaria de Derechos Humanos de la Nacion (2015). Registro Unificado de Victimas del Terrorismo de Estado (RUVTE): Informe de investigacion. Buenos Aires. · State killings · State terrorism and disappearances (Dirty War) link
  • Secretaría de Derechos Humanos de la Nación / Archivo Nacional de la Memoria, Equipo Especial de Investigaciones, report on the 16 June 1955 bombing, presented by Eduardo Luis Duhalde, June 2009 · State killings · Bombing of Plaza de Mayo, 16 June 1955 link
  • Secretaría de Derechos Humanos de la Nación, annex to the 2006 (30th anniversary) edition of Nunca Más: victims of forced disappearance and summary execution before 24 March 1976; reported by La Nación, 'Hubo 600 desaparecidos antes del 76', 2006 · State killings · Triple A parastate death-squad killings, 1973-1976 link
  • Secretaría de Derechos Humanos de la Nación, annex to the 2006 edition of Nunca Más; reported by La Nación, 'Hubo 600 desaparecidos antes del 76', 2006 · State killings · Forced disappearances before the 1976 coup, 25 May 1973 to 24 March 1976 link
  • Secretaría de Derechos Humanos y Pluralismo Cultural, Registro Unificado de Víctimas del Terrorismo de Estado (RUVTE), official report cited by Infobae, 7 November 2016 · State killings · State terrorism and disappearances (Dirty War) link
  • Secretaría de Derechos Humanos y Pluralismo Cultural, RUVTE official report (2016), cited by Infobae, 7 November 2016 · State killings · State terrorism and disappearances (Dirty War) link
▶ArmeniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Historians and scholars · Excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
▶AustraliaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Government records · Wounded, military deathsOther works · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (5)

  • Australian War Memorial (n.d.). Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962-72. AWM Encyclopedia. Canberra: AWM. · Wounded, military deaths · Vietnam War link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 1, Table (i)(a), p. 237. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • Parliament of Australia, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee. Australia's engagement in Afghanistan: interim report, Chapter 3, para. 3.4 (quoting the submission of Mr Hugh Poate). Canberra: Parliament of Australia. · Wounded, military deaths · War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) link
  • UK Parliament (1945). British Empire War Casualties: written answer by the Prime Minister (C. Attlee). House of Commons Debates, 29 November 1945, vol 416, cc1735-6W (tabular statement of casualties to all ranks of the armed forces of the British Commonwealth and Empire, 3 Sep 1939 - 14 Aug 1945). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶AustriaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedGovernment records · Civilian deaths, wounded

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (7)

  • 'Hartheim statistics' (internal T4 record), as reproduced in Klee, Ernst (1985). 'Euthanasie' im NS-Staat. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, p. 232. · State killings · Nazi 'euthanasia' programme (Aktion T4 and later phases)
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 357 (Austria-Hungary, 'later estimate up to 31st December, 1918'). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Statistisches Bundesamt (1961). Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960. Wiesbaden/Bonn, p. 78 (Austrian figure as cited there; the Austrian Federal Chancellery also gives 24,000). · Civilian deaths · World War II: Austrian civilians killed in Allied air raids
▶AzerbaijanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, state killingsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Excess deathsNews media · State killingsInternational bodies · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (35)

  • Amnesty International, 'Azerbaijan: Journalist and writer jailed as ruthless crackdown continues', 13 November 2013 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Amnesty International, 'Azerbaijan: Prisoner release positive, but tokenistic gesture in run up to European Games', 19 March 2015 (referring to its report 'Guilty of Defending Rights') · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Christoph Strässer (rapporteur), PACE Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, 'The follow-up to the issue of political prisoners in Azerbaijan', Doc. 13079, December 2012, with addendum of 23 January 2013; as reported by RFE/RL, 'Report On Azerbaijani Prisoners Voted Down In Council Of Europe', 23 January 2013 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Commission of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR, preliminary report (January 1991), reprinted as Appendix B in Human Rights Watch/Helsinki and Memorial, 'Conflict in the Soviet Union: Black January in Azerbaidzhan', May 1991 · State killings, prisoners · Black January: Soviet Army assault on Baku, 19-20 January 1990 link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • Federation of Human Rights Organizations of Azerbaijan list, 2011, as recounted in JAMnews, 'The history of political prisoners' list in Azerbaijan', 16 February 2017 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Federation of Human Rights Organizations of Azerbaijan, 2002 list of political prisoners, as recounted by Eldar Zeynalov in JAMnews, 'The history of political prisoners' list in Azerbaijan', 16 February 2017 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Azerbaijan: Abuse Allegations Mar High-Profile Trial', 26 January 2017 · State killings · Nardaran raid, 26 November 2015 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Azerbaijan: Ensure Rights for Ismayilli Protesters', 29 January 2013 (citing local activists) · Prisoners · Ismayilli unrest and arrests, January 2013 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Crushing Dissent: Repression, Violence and Azerbaijan's Elections', 22 January 2004 · Prisoners, state killings · Post-election crackdown after the 15 October 2003 presidential election link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Harassed, Imprisoned, Exiled: Azerbaijan's Continuing Crackdown on Government Critics, Lawyers, and Civil Society', 20 October 2016 · Prisoners · Nardaran raid, 26 November 2015 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of Azerbaijan', 5 April 2023 · Custody deaths · Terter 'espionage' case: torture of soldiers and civilians, 2017 link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2017, Azerbaijan chapter (events of 2016) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, Azerbaijan chapter (events of 2018) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Helsinki Watch) and the Inter-Republic Memorial Society, 'Conflict in the Soviet Union: Black January in Azerbaidzhan', May 1991, p. 1 · State killings · Black January: Soviet Army assault on Baku, 19-20 January 1990 link
  • International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR), Human Rights Club, Global Diligence and Truth Hounds, 'Azerbaijani government crackdown in Ganja: extrajudicial killings, torture, arbitrary detention, unfair trials and unlawful restrictions on the freedom of assembly', 2020 · State killings · Ganja unrest and crackdown, July 2018 link
  • International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR), Human Rights Club, Global Diligence and Truth Hounds, 'Azerbaijani government crackdown in Ganja', 2020 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Ganja unrest and crackdown, July 2018 link
  • International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR), Rule 9.2 submission to the Department for the Execution of Judgments of the ECHR, Council of Europe, 21 April 2020 (citing Caucasian Knot, 28 May 2019) · Custody deaths · Terter 'espionage' case: torture of soldiers and civilians, 2017 link
  • Leyla Yunus (Institute for Peace and Democracy), list of July 2014, as recounted in JAMnews, 'The history of political prisoners' list in Azerbaijan', 16 February 2017 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • List drawn up by Azerbaijani human rights activists, early 2017, as reported in JAMnews, 'The history of political prisoners' list in Azerbaijan', 16 February 2017 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Reza and Betty Blair, 'Black January: Baku (1990)', Azerbaijan International 6.1, Spring 1998 · State killings · Black January: Soviet Army assault on Baku, 19-20 January 1990 link
  • Union 'For Freedom of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan' (list of 13 May 2026), as reported in Caucasian Knot (2026). [Article on political prisoner lists in Azerbaijan]. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union 'For Freedom of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan' (list of 7 Oct 2025), as reported in Caucasian Knot (2026). [Article on political prisoner lists in Azerbaijan]. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan (Leyla Yunus and Elshan Hasanov), list of 10-11 June 2025, as reported by Caucasian Knot, June 2025 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan (Leyla Yunus, Institute for Peace and Democracy; Elshan Hasanov, Political Prisoners Monitoring Center), list of 23 September 2024, as reported by Turan Information Agency · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan, 2024 list (December 2024), as reported by Meydan TV, 'Number of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan Increases to 357', 12 February 2025 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan, list of 12 February 2025, as reported by Meydan TV, 'Number of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan Increases to 357', 12 February 2025 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan, list of 15 January 2026, as reported by Caucasian Knot, May 2026 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan, list of 18 March 2024, as reported by Turan Information Agency, 'Number of political prisoners in Azerbaijan approaches 300', March 2024 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Union for the Freedom of Political Prisoners of Azerbaijan, list of early December 2023, as reported by Turan Information Agency, 'Number of political prisoners in Azerbaijan approaches 300', March 2024 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Working Group led by Leyla Yunus and Rasul Jafarov (Institute for Peace and Democracy and nine other signatory organisations), 'The List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan', last updated May 2015 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Working Group led by Leyla Yunus and Rasul Jafarov, 'The List: Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan', updated 10 August 2014 (English edition published by the European Stability Initiative) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Working Group on a Unified List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan, 'A Unified List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan, covering the period up to 20 February 2019' · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Working Group on a Unified List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan, 'A Unified List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan, covering the period up to 28 August 2017' (copy hosted by the European Stability Initiative) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
  • Working Group on a Unified List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan, updated list of 10 June 2020, as reported by Turan Information Agency, 'Human Rights Activists Present Another List of Political Prisoners with 108 Names', June 2020 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Azerbaijan link
▶BahrainUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, state killingsGovernment records · State killings, custody deathsInternational bodies · PrisonersNews media · Executions

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (20)

  • Al Jazeera, 'Bahrain executes three over police killings', 15 January 2017 (citing Reprieve and Amnesty International) · Executions · Executions of protest-era defendants, Bahrain (2017–2019) link
  • Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB), Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR) and Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD), 'Bahrain's Third Cycle UPR: A Record of Repression', January 2017, section IV · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Bahrain since 2011 link
  • Amnesty International, '"No One Can Protect You": Bahrain's Year of Crushing Dissent', MDE 11/6790/2017, September 2017 · State killings · Post-2011 crackdown killings by Bahraini security forces (2017) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Bahrain: A Human Rights Crisis', MDE 11/16/95, 25 September 1995 · State killings, custody deaths · 1994–1999 Bahrain uprising (intifada) repression link
  • Amnesty International, Urgent Action 'Bahrain: Further information: Three men executed by firing squad in Bahrain: Ali Mohamed Hakeem al-Arab and Ahmed Isa Ahmed Isa al-Malali', MDE 11/0830/2019, July 2019 · Executions · Executions of protest-era defendants, Bahrain (2017–2019) link
  • Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI), Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Manama, 23 November 2011 (final version 10 December 2011), para. 1703 · State killings · 2011 Bahrain uprising crackdown (February–April 2011) link
  • Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI), Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Manama, 23 November 2011, para. 1705 · Prisoners · 2011 Bahrain uprising crackdown (February–April 2011) link
  • Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI), Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Manama, 23 November 2011, para. 848 · State killings · 2011 Bahrain uprising crackdown (February–April 2011) link
  • Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI), Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Manama, 23 November 2011, para. 873 · Custody deaths · 2011 Bahrain uprising crackdown (February–April 2011) link
  • Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) and Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB), joint submission to the 41st Session of the UN Universal Periodic Review Working Group (Bahrain), 2022, para. 1 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Bahrain since 2011 link
  • Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy (BIRD) and Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB), joint submission to the 41st Session of the UN Universal Periodic Review Working Group (Bahrain), 2022, para. 4 · Custody deaths · Deaths in custody in Bahraini prisons (Jau), 2021 link
  • Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Bahrain. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Bahrain since 2011 link
  • Human Rights Watch et al., 'Bahrain: Joint Letter on Human Rights Situation to Member and Observer States of the United Nations Human Rights Council', 30 May 2024 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Bahrain since 2011 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Bahrain: Hundreds Stripped of Citizenship', 27 July 2018 (and HRW, 'Bahrain: New Deportations of Nationals', 4 February 2018) · Deportations · Expulsion of Bahrainis stripped of citizenship (2018) link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Bahrain's Human Rights Crisis', 5 July 2011 · Custody deaths · 2011 Bahrain uprising crackdown (February–April 2011) link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Routine Abuse, Routine Denial: Civil Rights and the Political Crisis in Bahrain', July 1997 (citing the prime minister and Reuters) · Prisoners · 1994–1999 Bahrain uprising (intifada) repression link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Routine Abuse, Routine Denial: Civil Rights and the Political Crisis in Bahrain', New York, July 1997 · State killings · 1994–1999 Bahrain uprising (intifada) repression link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999: Bahrain (events of 1998) · Custody deaths · 1994–1999 Bahrain uprising (intifada) repression link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2012: Bahrain (events of 2011), January 2012 · State killings, prisoners · 2011 Bahrain uprising crackdown (February–April 2011) link
  • International Committee of the Red Cross, Annual Report 1997, as cited in Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999: Bahrain · Prisoners · 1994–1999 Bahrain uprising (intifada) repression link
▶BangladeshUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Civilian deaths, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Civilian deathsClaims by a party · Civilian deathsInternational bodies · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (5)

  • Bangladesh Police and Rapid Action Battalion data provided to OHCHR, in Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2025). Human Rights Violations and Abuses related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh. Geneva: OHCHR. · Prisoners · July-August 2024 protest crackdown link
  • Government of Bangladesh / Sheikh Mujibur Rahman figure (3 million), as discussed in Beachler, Donald (2007). 'The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh'. Patterns of Prejudice, 41(5): 467-492, at pp. 473-474. · Civilian deaths · Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 link
  • Hamoodur Rahman Commission (1974). Report of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission of Inquiry into the 1971 War. Government of Pakistan (declassified 2000). · Civilian deaths · Bangladesh Liberation War 1971
  • Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008). 'Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme'. BMJ, 336(7659): 1482-1486. · Civilian deaths · Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 link
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2025). Human Rights Violations and Abuses related to the Protests of July and August 2024 in Bangladesh. Geneva: OHCHR (paras 56-58). · State killings · July-August 2024 protest crackdown link
▶BelarusCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsInternational bodies · Executions, state killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Civilian deathsGovernment records · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (17)

  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2022', ACT 50/6548/2023, May 2023, Europe and Central Asia section · Executions · Execution of Viktar Skrundzik, July 2022 (last known execution) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Ending Executions in Europe: Towards Abolition of the Death Penalty in Belarus', EUR 49/001/2009, March 2009, p. 5 · Executions · Executions by shooting since independence (death penalty retained) link
  • Belarusian Helsinki Committee, 'Death penalty in Belarus in facts and numbers' (undated web page, data to 2024) · Executions · Executions since independence link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, p. 25 (Belarus table). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • Freedom House, 'Lukashenka's Revenge: Political Imprisonment in Belarus', 7 March 2024 · Custody deaths · Political prisoners who died in prison, 2021 to early 2024 link
  • Human Rights Center Viasna, 'From mass arrests to transnational repression: Six years of crackdown in Belarus' (August 2026), as reported by Nasha Niva, 9 August 2026 · Prisoners · Convictions in politically motivated criminal cases since 2020 link
  • Human Rights Center Viasna, as cited in US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006: Belarus (March 2007) · Prisoners · Detentions around the March 2006 presidential election and October Square protests link
  • Human Rights Center Viasna, cumulative count as reported by RFE/RL, 'More Than 50,000 Detained Since Protests Started In Belarus, Vyasna Says', 5 August 2024 · Prisoners · Politically motivated detentions since the August 2020 election link
  • Human Rights Center Viasna, six-year review (August 2026), as reported by Nasha Niva, 9 August 2026 · Custody deaths · Political prisoners who died in custody since 2020 (Ashurak 2021, Klimovich and Pushkin 2023, Khrasko, Lednik and Kulinich 2024, Shtermer and Padniabienny 2025, Shlethauer) link
  • Human Rights Center Viasna. Political prisoners database (end Aug 2026). · Prisoners · Post-2020 political prisoners in Belarus link
  • Human Rights Center Viasna. Political prisoners database (figures as of end Aug 2026). · Prisoners · Post-2020 political prisoners in Belarus link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2012: Belarus · Prisoners · Crackdown on the 19 December 2010 post-election demonstration in Minsk; Criminal sentences for the 19 December 2010 protest ('mass riots' charges) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2021: Belarus (events of 2020) · Prisoners, state killings · Detentions of protesters, August to mid-November 2020; Protesters killed by police action during the 2020 post-election crackdown (Taraikouski, Bandarenka and others) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2022: Belarus (events of 2021) · Prisoners · Protest-related detentions, November 2020 to October 2021 link
  • Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus, as cited in OSCE Moscow Mechanism rapporteur Wolfgang Benedek, 'Report on alleged human rights violations related to the presidential elections of 9 August 2020 in Belarus', 5 November 2020 · Prisoners · Mass arrests of protesters 9-12 August 2020 link
  • OSCE Moscow Mechanism rapporteur Wolfgang Benedek, 'Report on alleged human rights violations related to the presidential elections of 9 August 2020 in Belarus', 5 November 2020, chapter II.B · Prisoners · Arrests of protesters after the 9 August 2020 election (to late October 2020) link
  • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, 'Disappeared persons in Belarus', Doc. 10062, rapporteur Christos Pourgourides, February 2004 (endorsed by Resolution 1371 (2004)) · State killings · Enforced disappearances of Zakharenko, Gonchar, Krasovsky and Zavadsky (Minsk, 1999-2000) link
▶BelgiumUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (6)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Frumkin, Gregory (1951). Population Changes in Europe since 1939. Geneva/New York: Augustus M. Kelley / Allen & Unwin, pp. 60-65 (France), pp. 44-45 (Belgium). · Civilian deaths · World War II: Belgian civilian war dead
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 352 (Belgium, casualties to 11 November 1918). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001). German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 74 (and Appendix 1). · Civilian deaths · German invasion of 1914: civilians deliberately killed
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
▶BeninUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶BhutanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶BoliviaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 385 (Chaco War). · Wounded, military deaths · Chaco War link
▶Bosnia and Herz.Uppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶BotswanaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶BrazilUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deathsGovernment records · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (3)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Comissao Nacional da Verdade (2014). Relatorio, Volume I, Parte V: Conclusoes e recomendacoes, p. 963 (cases profiled individually in Volume III: Mortos e desaparecidos politicos). Brasilia: CNV. · State killings · Political killings and disappearances in Brazil link
  • Comissao Nacional da Verdade (2014). Relatorio, Volume II, Texto 5: Violacoes de direitos humanos dos povos indigenas, p. 205 and n. 2. Brasilia: CNV. · State killings · Deaths of Indigenous peoples under the dictatorship link
▶BruneiPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶BulgariaCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded, military deathsHistorians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, Appendix I, Bulgaria: 'Table of officers and soldiers wounded during the wars of 1912-1913, sent in by Major General Clement Boyadjiev, Minister of War', p. 378. · Wounded, military deaths · First Balkan War; Second Balkan War link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 354 (Bulgaria, approximate figures received from the Bulgarian War Office). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Wounded · World War I link
▶Burkina FasoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶BurundiUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (n.d., accessed 2026). Burundi (country page). New York: GCR2P. · State killings, prisoners · 2015-17 third-term crisis crackdown in Burundi link
  • Lemarchand, Rene (2008). 'The Burundi Killings of 1972'. Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, Sciences Po, 27 June 2008. · Civilian deaths · Burundi 1972 killings of Hutu (Ikiza) link
▶CambodiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · State killings, civilian deathsInternational bodies · ExecutionsRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (5)

  • Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (2010). Trial Judgement, Case 001 (Kaing Guek Eav alias Duch), 26 July 2010. · Executions · S-21 (Tuol Sleng) security centre link
  • Heuveline, Patrick (2015). The Boundaries of Genocide: Quantifying the Uncertainty of the Death Toll during the Pol Pot Regime in Cambodia (1975-79). Population Studies 69(2): 201-218. · State killings, famine deaths · Khmer Rouge regime killings; Khmer Rouge regime famine and disease link
  • Kiernan, Ben (2003). The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80. Critical Asian Studies 35(4): 585-597. · State killings · Khmer Rouge regime killings link
  • LICADHO Cambodia prisoners database, as reported in Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Cambodia. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Cambodia link
  • Owen, Taylor; Kiernan, Ben (2006). 'Bombs over Cambodia'. The Walrus, October 2006, pp. 62-69. · Civilian deaths · US bombing of Cambodia link
▶CameroonUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶CanadaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Government records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Department of National Defence, Canada (2011). Canadian Forces' Casualty Statistics (Afghanistan), Backgrounder FS 11.001, 12 January 2011. Ottawa: Canada News Centre (archived copy, Internet Archive). · Wounded, military deaths · War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 1, Table (i)(a), p. 237. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • UK Parliament (1945). British Empire War Casualties: written answer by the Prime Minister (C. Attlee). House of Commons Debates, 29 November 1945, vol 416, cc1735-6W (tabular statement of casualties to all ranks of the armed forces of the British Commonwealth and Empire, 3 Sep 1939 - 14 Aug 1945). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶Central African Rep.Uppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶ChadUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶ChilePeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · State killingsInternational bodies · State killings, prisoners, executionsNews media · State killings, executionsMilitary records · State killingsOther works · State killingsRights groups and NGOs · Executions

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (30)

  • Amnesty International (Spain), 'Cuarenta años después del golpe de Pinochet, la impunidad debe terminar', Sept 2013, citing Chile's official commissions · State killings · Pinochet dictatorship repression 1973-1990 link
  • Amnesty International (Spain), 'Cuarenta años después del golpe de Pinochet, la impunidad debe terminar', Sept 2013, citing the Valech Commission (2004 report plus 2005 reconsideration) · Prisoners · Pinochet dictatorship repression 1973-1990 link
  • Archivo Nacional de Chile, '1934: la tragedia de Ránquil' · State killings · Ránquil (Lonquimay) uprising repression, June-July 1934 link
  • Archivo Nacional de Chile, 'Matanza de La Coruña, 5 de junio de 1925' (collection page); same figure in Ljubetic's list ('Más de 2 mil asesinados') · State killings · La Coruña nitrate office massacre, 5 June 1925 link
  • Archivo Nacional de Chile, 'Matanza de la Escuela de Santa María de Iquique y sus consecuencias' (collection page), citing Intendente Carlos Eastman's report to the Interior Minister, 15 Jan 1908, with hospital administrator Alfredo Syers Jones's count · State killings · Santa María de Iquique school massacre, 21 December 1907 link
  • BioBioChile, 'Matanza de Pampa Irigoin: sobrevivientes acusan nula justicia a 52 años de la muerte de 10 vecinos', 9 Mar 2021 · State killings · Pampa Irigoin massacre, Puerto Montt, 9 March 1969 link
  • Carabineros de Chile police-report register, 18 Oct 2019 - 31 Mar 2020, as reported by Emol, 'Detenciones, daños y heridos: Las cifras de Carabineros y fiscalía a un año del estallido social', 17 Oct 2020 · Prisoners · Estallido social protest repression, 18 October 2019 - 18 March 2020 link
  • Chilean government figure of 1925, as cited by Archivo Nacional de Chile, 'Matanza de La Coruña, 5 de junio de 1925' (collection page) · State killings · La Coruña nitrate office massacre, 5 June 1925 link
  • Comision Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliacion (1991); Corporacion Nacional de Reparacion y Reconciliacion (1996); Comision Asesora Presidencial (Valech II) (2011). Informe de la Comision Asesora Presidencial para la Calificacion de Detenidos Desaparecidos, Ejecutados Politicos y Victimas de Prision Politica y Tortura. Santiago. · State killings · Pinochet dictatorship repression link
  • Comision Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliacion (1991). Informe de la Comision Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliacion (Informe Rettig). Santiago. · State killings · Pinochet dictatorship repression
  • Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación (Rettig), final report 8 Feb 1991, as cited in Pietro Sferrazza Taibi, 'La búsqueda de personas desaparecidas en Chile: ¿necesidad de un complemento humanitario?', Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México / SciELO México, 2021 · State killings · Pinochet dictatorship repression 1973-1990 link
  • Comision Nacional sobre Prision Politica y Tortura (2004, Valech I) and Comision Asesora Presidencial (2011, Valech II). Informes. Santiago. · Prisoners · Pinochet dictatorship repression link
  • Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura (Valech I), 'Nómina de personas reconocidas como víctimas', 2004 · Prisoners · Pinochet dictatorship repression 1973-1990 link
  • Felipe Portales (sociologist/historian), 'Centenario de San Gregorio: Primera masacre de Arturo Alessandri', Diario y Radio Universidad de Chile, 2 Feb 2021, collating Recabarren (60), Pinto Lagarrigue (68), DeShazo (70) and the FOCH commission (more than 70) · State killings · San Gregorio nitrate office massacre, 3 February 1921 link
  • Gen. Horacio Gamboa's radio 'parte de guerra', April 1957, as quoted in Jorge Magasich, '2 de abril de 1957: un episodio de la historia que conviene recordar', Diario y Radio Universidad de Chile, 24 Oct 2019 · State killings · April 1957 Santiago protests ('Batalla de Santiago'), 2-3 April 1957 link
  • Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos (INDH), 'Caravana de la Muerte' (indhciudadano.indh.cl/caravana), as quoted by Mala Espina Check, 'La Caravana de la Muerte: qué fue y cómo operó', 6 Sept 2023 · Executions · Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte), 30 September - 22 October 1973 link
  • Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos (INDH), balance at four years of the 18-O (Oct 2023), as reported by Diario y Radio Universidad de Chile, 19 Oct 2023; same count repeated in INDH 2024 balance (Cooperativa, 18 Oct 2024) and by Interior Minister Víctor Pérez to the Senate HR Commission (2 Oct 2020) · State killings · Estallido social protest repression, 18 October 2019 - 18 March 2020 link
  • Interior Ministry figures presented to the Senate Human Rights Commission, 2 Oct 2020 (Senado de Chile communications) · Prisoners · Estallido social protest repression, 18 October 2019 - 18 March 2020 link
  • International Red Cross count of 22 September 1973, as reported in Amnesty International, 'Chile: An Amnesty International Report' (London, 1974), pp. 67-68; seen via Spanish Wikipedia 'Centro de detención Estadio Nacional de Chile' which cites it · Prisoners · Estadio Nacional detention camp, Santiago, 11 September - 9 November 1973 link
  • Iván Ljubetic Vargas, 'Masacres perpetradas en el siglo XX' (chronological list), Archivo Chile (CEME) PDF · State killings · José María Caro shantytown massacre, Santiago, 19 November 1962; Pampa Irigoin massacre, Puerto Montt, 9 March 1969 and 3 more link
  • Iván Ljubetic Vargas, 'Masacres perpetradas en el siglo XX' (chronological list), Archivo Chile (CEME) PDF; same count (six named victims incl. Ramona Parra) in Federación CCU, 'La masacre de trabajadores de Plaza Bulnes', 11 Jan 2025 · State killings · Plaza Bulnes massacre, Santiago, 28 January 1946 link
  • La Nación (Santiago), 17 Oct 2008, as quoted on Memoria Viva, 'Sergio Víctor Arellano Stark' · Executions · Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte), 30 September - 22 October 1973 link
  • Luis Advis, 'Cantata de Santa María de Iquique' (1969), as cited by Archivo Nacional de Chile collection page ('la memoria social ha adoptado 3600 fallecidos') · State killings · Santa María de Iquique school massacre, 21 December 1907 link
  • Memoria Chilena (Biblioteca Nacional de Chile), 'Estadio Nacional (1938-2010)'; same figure on Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales site 'Estadio Nacional' (memoria.bienes.cl) attributing 'más de 20 mil' to the Red Cross · Prisoners · Estadio Nacional detention camp, Santiago, 11 September - 9 November 1973 link
  • Memoria Chilena (Biblioteca Nacional de Chile), 'Masacre de la Escuela Santa María de Iquique' · State killings · Santa María de Iquique school massacre, 21 December 1907 link
  • Memoria y Justicia, 'Prisioneros Ejecutados en la Caravana de la Muerte' (named list by city: Cauquenes 4, La Serena 15, Copiapó 15, Antofagasta 13, Calama 26) · Executions · Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte), 30 September - 22 October 1973 link
  • Peter DeShazo (Urban Workers and Labor Unions in Chile, 1902-1927), quoting British diplomatic estimates, as cited in Felipe Portales, 'La desconocida matanza de la Coruña', El Mostrador, 1 Nov 2017 · State killings · La Coruña nitrate office massacre, 5 June 1925 link
  • Pietro Sferrazza Taibi, 'La búsqueda de personas desaparecidas en Chile' (SciELO México, 2021), summing Rettig (979), Corporación Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación (123) and Valech II (6) qualifications, less 7 erroneous/duplicate cases · State killings · Pinochet dictatorship repression 1973-1990 link
  • Report signed by Gen. Roberto Silva Renard, 22 December 1907, as quoted by Archivo Nacional de Chile collection page · State killings · Santa María de Iquique school massacre, 21 December 1907 link
  • Telegram from Intendente Carlos Eastman to the President of the Republic, 21 December 1907, as quoted by Archivo Nacional de Chile collection page · State killings · Santa María de Iquique school massacre, 21 December 1907 link
▶ChinaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Famine deaths, civilian deathsGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths, prisonersRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, state killingsOther works · Prisoners, state killingsMilitary records · Wounded, military deathsInternational bodies · Civilian deathsClaims by a party · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (36)

  • Ashton, Basil; Hill, Kenneth; Piazza, Alan; Zeitz, Robin (1984). Famine in China, 1958-61. Population and Development Review 10(4): 613-645. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine link
  • Banister, Judith (1987). China's Changing Population. Stanford: Stanford University Press. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine
  • Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing's report to the Politburo, 19 June 1989, in Zhang Liang (comp.); Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry (eds.) (2001). The Tiananmen Papers. New York: PublicAffairs. · State killings · Tiananmen Square crackdown
  • Cao Shuji (2005). Da jihuang: 1959-1961 nian de Zhongguo renkou [The Great Famine: China's Population in 1959-1961]. Hong Kong: Shidai guoji chuban. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine
  • Central Tibetan Administration (Tibetan government-in-exile) (1984), as reported in UPI (1984, 17 Sept). Exiled Tibetans say 1.2 million killed during Chinese rule. · State killings · Deaths in Tibet under Chinese rule link
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Conditions Analysis Research Group (1989). Shengcun yu fazhan [Survival and Development]. Beijing: Science Press, p. 39. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine
  • Coale, Ansley J. (1984). Rapid Population Change in China, 1952-1982. Committee on Population and Demography Report No. 27. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 69-70. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine link
  • Committee for Freedom in Hong Kong Foundation (n.d., accessed 2026). Political Prisoners. Washington, DC: CFHK Foundation. · Prisoners · Hong Kong protest and National Security Law crackdown since 2019 link
  • Committee to Protect Journalists (2026). 2025 journalist jailings remain stubbornly high; harsh prison conditions pervasive. Prison census as of 1 December 2025. New York: CPJ. · Prisoners · Jailed journalists (CPJ prison census) link
  • Congressional-Executive Commission on China (2025). 2025 Annual Report. Washington, DC: CECC (Political Prisoners overview). · Prisoners · Political and religious prisoners in China (CECC database) link
  • Dikotter, Frank (2010). Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. London: Bloomsbury. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine
  • Dikotter, Frank (2013). The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957. London: Bloomsbury. · State killings · Land reform killings
  • Donald, Alan (1989, 5 June). Diplomatic cable from the British ambassador in Beijing, UK National Archives (declassified 2017). · State killings · Tiananmen Square crackdown link
  • French, Patrick (2003). Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History of a Lost Land. London: HarperCollins. · State killings · Deaths in Tibet under Chinese rule
  • Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, p. 85. · Civilian deaths · Second Sino-Japanese War / WWII: Chinese civilians killed
  • Ho Ping-ti (1959). Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 251-252 (citing a Chinese Nationalist government tally). · Civilian deaths · Second Sino-Japanese War: Chinese civilians killed (Nationalist figures, 1937-43)
  • Hong Kong Democracy Council (2022). Hong Kong Political Prisoners: research report. Washington, DC: HKDC. · Prisoners · Hong Kong protest and National Security Law crackdown since 2019 link
  • Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai (1971). History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), trans. Wen Ha-hsiung. Taipei: Chung Wu Publishing (Republic of China Ministry of National Defense, Military History Bureau). · Wounded, military deaths · Second Sino-Japanese War / World War II (China)
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, p. 194 ('Chinese forces casualties, ROK estimate') (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1948). Judgment, Part B, Chapter VIII (Conventional War Crimes): 'over 200,000' civilians and prisoners killed in Nanking and vicinity in the first six weeks. · Civilian deaths · Nanjing Massacre link
  • Lary, Diana (2015). China's Civil War: A Social History, 1945-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 123. · Excess deaths · Siege of Changchun (Chinese Civil War)
  • Meisner, Maurice (1999). Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic. 3rd ed. New York: Free Press. · Executions · Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
  • Mitter, Rana (2013). Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 381 (citing Odd Arne Westad's estimate of 12 million civilian deaths). · Civilian deaths · Second Sino-Japanese War / WWII: Chinese civilian deaths (all causes)
  • Official figure of people labelled rightists, as reported (via Bao Tong) in Radio Free Asia (2007, 19 June). Fifty Years On, Deaths, Persecution of Anti-Rightist Era Still Taboo in China. · Prisoners · Anti-Rightist Campaign link
  • Peng Xizhe (1987). Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces. Population and Development Review 13(4): 639-670. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine
  • Rummel, R. J. (1991). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, ch. 6, p. 150, Table 6.1 (Japanese democide in China) and Table 6.2 (Chinese Sino-Japanese war deaths). · Civilian deaths · Second Sino-Japanese War / WWII: Chinese civilians killed link
  • Tiananmen Mothers (Ding Zilin et al.), list of named victims. · State killings · Tiananmen Square crackdown
  • Walder, Andrew G.; Su, Yang (2003). The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact. The China Quarterly 173: 74-99 (p. 96). · State killings · Cultural Revolution killings link
  • Wu, Hongda Harry (1992). Laogai: The Chinese Gulag. Boulder: Westview Press; Laogai Research Foundation estimates. · Prisoners · Laogai (reform-through-labour camps)
  • Xu Yan (2016). Zhongguo xisheng 18 wan zhiyuanjun? Chaoxian zhanzheng zhong jiaozhan gefang sunshi duoshao junren [Did China lose 180,000 volunteers? How many soldiers each side lost in the Korean War]. Wenshi cankao; republished by the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee, 19 Feb 2016 (citing PLA health-service statistics). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • Xu Zirong report (1954), official internal figures, as cited in Yang Kuisong (2008). Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries. The China Quarterly 193: 102-121. · Prisoners · Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
  • Xu Zirong report (January 1954), official internal figures, as cited in Yang Kuisong (2008). Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries. The China Quarterly 193: 102-121; Chinese original: Yang Kuisong (2006). Xin Zhongguo 'zhenya fangeming' yundong yanjiu. Shixue yuekan 2006(1), n.57. · Executions · Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries link
  • Yang Jisheng (2012). Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958-1962. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. · Famine deaths · Great Leap Forward famine
  • Zenz, Adrian (2019). 'Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude': China's Political Re-education Campaign in Xinjiang. Central Asian Survey 38(1): 102-128. · Prisoners · Xinjiang internment camps link
  • Zenz, Adrian (2019). Brainwashing, Police Guards and Coercive Internment: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang's 'Vocational Training Internment Camps'. Journal of Political Risk 7(7). · Prisoners · Xinjiang internment camps link
  • Zhang Zhenglu (1989). Xue bai xue hong [White Snow, Red Blood]. Beijing: PLA Publishing House; as reported by Pomfret, John (Associated Press), 'Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Books Says', The Seattle Times, 22 Nov 1990. · Excess deaths · Siege of Changchun (Chinese Civil War) link
▶ColombiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
▶ComorosUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶CongoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶Costa RicaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶Côte d'IvoireUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶CroatiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Other works · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (n.d.). 'Jasenovac' / 'Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia'. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Washington, DC: USHMM. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Ustase genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia link
▶CubaPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, state killingsHistorians and scholars · Prisoners, executions, custody deathsInternational bodies · Prisoners, custody deathsGovernment records · Prisoners, executionsAcademic datasets · ExecutionsNews media · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (28)

  • Amnesty International, 'Cuba: Silencing the Voices of Dissent', AI Index AMR 25/26/92, December 1992, 'Political Imprisonment' section · Prisoners · Prisoners of conscience and probable prisoners of conscience, Amnesty estimate 1992 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Cuba: Silencing the Voices of Dissent', AI Index AMR 25/26/92, December 1992, p. 5 n. 3 (citing government figures provided to AI in 1988) · Executions · Executions 1959-1987, Cuban government figure supplied to Amnesty International link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death of Cuban prisoner of conscience on hunger strike must herald change', press release, 24 February 2010 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Prisoners of conscience adopted by Amnesty International, February 2010; Death of prisoner of conscience Orlando Zapata Tamayo after hunger strike, Havana link
  • Brig. Gen. Enio Leyva Fuente (Cuba) to Maj. Gen. Giel (GDR Interior Ministry), September 1978, Stasi files; cited in Jorge Luis Garcia Vazquez, 'El Minint: Espada y Escudo o Guillotina de la Dictadura Comunista', Miscelaneas de Cuba, 13 Feb 2007; as quoted in Cuba Archive, 'How many political prisoners are there in Cuba?' (Oct 2018), p. 1 · Prisoners · Peak number of 'counterrevolutionary' prisoners, 1965 link
  • Charles L. Taylor and Michael C. Hudson, World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (2nd ed., Yale University Press, 1972); as quoted in David P. Goldman, PJ Media, 28 Nov 2016 · Executions · Political executions 1958-1967, academic dataset link
  • Comision Cubana de Derechos Humanos y Reconciliacion Nacional, 'Lista Parcial de Condenados o Procesados en Cuba por Razones Politicas', Havana, 11 June 2018; as quoted in Cuba Archive, 'How many political prisoners are there in Cuba?' (Oct 2018), p. 2 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held in maximum security, CCDHRN partial list, May 2018 link
  • Cubalex and Justicia 11J, monitoring report of 8 August 2022; as quoted in CIVICUS Monitor, 'Cuba: Repercussions of July 2021 mass protests still felt' · Prisoners · Detentions in connection with the 11 July 2021 protests, Cubalex and Justicia 11J count to July 2022 link
  • Cubalex, 'Muerte en custodia en Cuba: un analisis de patrones represivos identificados por Cubalex', 10 July 2024 · Custody deaths · Deaths in state custody (prisons, police stations, military service), Cubalex documented cases, Jan 2022-Jan 2024 link
  • Cubalex, report on deaths in custody, September 2026; as reported in Infobae, 'Al menos 115 presos murieron bajo custodia de la dictadura de Cuba por falta de atencion medica y desnutricion', 22 Sept 2026 · Custody deaths · Deaths in state custody in Cuban prisons, Cubalex documented cases, Feb 2024-Jun 2026 link
  • Efren Cordova, Represion e Intolerancia (1999); as quoted in Cuba Archive, 'How many political prisoners are there in Cuba?' (Oct 2018), p. 1 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in 1967 (Isla de Pinos closure records plus La Cabana and El Principe) link
  • Fiscalia General de la Republica de Cuba, statement of 2022; as quoted in CIVICUS Monitor, 'Cuba: Repercussions of July 2021 mass protests still felt' (8 Aug 2022) · Prisoners · People sentenced for the July 2021 protests, Cuban Attorney General's figure link
  • Hugh Thomas, Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1971); as quoted in David P. Goldman, 'Fidel Castro's Mass Murder by the Numbers', PJ Media, 28 Nov 2016 · Executions · Executions by the revolutionary government, historian's estimate to 1970 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era', 19 November 2009 · Prisoners · Black Spring crackdown, March 2003: dissidents, journalists and activists arrested and sentenced link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Prison or Exile: Cuba's Systematic Repression of July 2021 Demonstrators', 11 July 2022 · State killings · Protester killed by police during the 11 July 2021 protests (Diubis Laurencio Tejeda, La Guinera, Havana) link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 'Report on the Situation of Political Prisoners and their Relatives in Cuba' (1979), ch. II · Prisoners, custody deaths · Political prisoners remaining after the 1978-79 releases; Political prisoners who died in prison 1959-1979, incomplete named list submitted to the IACHR link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 'Report on the Situation of Political Prisoners and their Relatives in Cuba' (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.48, 1979), ch. II, quoting Fidel Castro's press conference of 24 November 1978 · Prisoners · Political prisoners to be released in the 1978-79 'dialogue', stated by Castro to be about 80% of all political prisoners link
  • Joseph Tahbaz, 'Demystifying las UMAP: The Politics of Sugar, Gender, and Religion in 1960s Cuba', Delaware Review of Latin American Studies 14(2), 2013, citing Norberto Fuentes (pp. 300-303) and Juan Vives (p. 238) · Prisoners · UMAP forced-labour camps (Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la Produccion), total internees link
  • Joseph Tahbaz, 'Demystifying las UMAP', Delaware Review of Latin American Studies 14(2), 2013, citing Norberto Fuentes and Juan Vives · Custody deaths · UMAP camps, deaths from torture link
  • Juan Clark, Castro's Revolution: Myth and Reality, Vol. 1 (Miami: Alexandria Library, 2013), pp. 332-334; as cited in Cuba Archive, 'How many political prisoners are there in Cuba?' (October 2018), p. 4 · Prisoners · Sentenced political prisoners under Batista link
  • Justicia 11J, update of 28 November 2024; as reported in 'Justicia 11J Confirms That 554 Demonstrators From the 2021 Protests in Cuba Are Still in Prison', Translating Cuba / 14ymedio, 3 December 2024 · Prisoners · People detained in connection with the 11 July 2021 protests link
  • Maria C. Werlau (Cuba Archive), testimony before the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee, 13 July 2016, p. 2 · State killings · All documented deaths and disappearances attributed to the Castro regime, not from combat (aggregate) link
  • Maria C. Werlau (Cuba Archive), testimony before the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee, 13 July 2016, p. 3 · State killings · Extrajudicial and other killings by state agents, documented cases (non-combat) link
  • Maria C. Werlau (Cuba Archive), testimony before the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee, 13 July 2016, p. 3 (citing 'The Human Toll of Raul Castro's Rule, Update of December 30, 2014') · Custody deaths · Deaths in prison from denial of medical care or medical conditions developed in prison under Raul Castro (documented cases) link
  • Maria C. Werlau (President, Free Society Project / Cuba Archive), testimony before the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, 13 July 2016, p. 2 · Executions · Executions without due process (paredon) by the revolutionary government, documented cases link
  • New York Times, 21 January 1959, citing Santiago residents; as quoted on ExecutedToday.com, '1959: 71 after the Cuban Revolution' (12 Jan 2010) · State killings · Killings of opponents by Batista's police and army in Santiago de Cuba link
  • Pascal Fontaine, 'Communism in Latin America', ch. 25 in Stephane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism (Harvard University Press, 1999); as quoted in 'Red Killings in Cuba: The cost in Cuban lives', Notes from the Cuban Exile Quarter (Substack) · Executions · People shot by the regime 1959 to late 1990s, Black Book of Communism estimate link
  • Prisoners Defenders (2026, 10 Sept). Cuba alcanza un nuevo record de 1.339 presos politicos: reclamar agua y luz lleva a prision y castiga a familias enteras. Monthly report (end Aug 2026). · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Cuba since July 2021 link
  • R. J. Rummel (University of Hawaii), Statistics of Democide / Death by Government; as quoted in David P. Goldman, 'Fidel Castro's Mass Murder by the Numbers', PJ Media, 28 Nov 2016 · Executions · Political executions 1958-1987, Rummel democide estimate link
▶CzechiaHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, wounded

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, p. 54. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Czechoslovak civilians killed by bombing and shelling; World War II: Czechoslovak civilians executed
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
▶Dem. Rep. CongoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Excess deaths, state killingsRights groups and NGOs · Excess deathsAcademic datasets · Excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Coghlan, Benjamin; Brennan, Richard J.; Ngoy, Pascal; et al. (2006). 'Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey'. The Lancet, 367(9504): 44-51. · Excess deaths · Second Congo War and aftermath: excess mortality link
  • Coghlan, Benjamin; Ngoy, Pascal; Mulumba, Flavien; Hardy, Colleen; Nkamgang Bemo, Valerie; Stewart, Tony; Lewis, Jennifer; Brennan, Richard (2008). Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis. New York: International Rescue Committee / Burnet Institute, Executive Summary p. ii. · Excess deaths · Second Congo War and aftermath: excess mortality link
  • Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. · State killings · Congo Free State rubber regime
  • Human Security Report Project (2011). Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press (Part II released Jan 2010), ch. 7 'The Death Toll in the Democratic Republic of the Congo', pp. 130-131, Table 7.1. · Excess deaths · Second Congo War and aftermath: excess mortality link
▶DenmarkHistorians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶DjiboutiUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶Dominican Rep.Uppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶EcuadorUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶EgyptUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, custody deathsHistorians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths, prisonersInternational bodies · Executions, custody deaths, prisonersGovernment records · State killingsNews media · Executions, prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (34)

  • Amanda Ufheil-Somers, 'Massive Arrests Precede Sadat's Assassination', MERIP Reports no. 103, November 1981 · Prisoners · September 1981 mass arrests of the opposition link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death penalty in 2020: Facts and figures' (press release accompanying 'Death Sentences and Executions 2020'), 21 April 2021 · Executions · Judicial executions in Egypt, 2020 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2022' (ACT 50/6548/2023), May 2023 · Executions · Judicial executions in Egypt, 2021; Judicial executions in Egypt, 2022 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2023' (ACT 50/7952/2024), May 2024 · Executions · Judicial executions in Egypt, 2023 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2024' (ACT 50/8976/2025), April 2025 · Executions · Judicial executions in Egypt, 2024 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2025' (April 2026), as reported by Manassa (Egypt) · Executions · Judicial executions in Egypt, 2025 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Egypt: Human rights abuses by armed groups' (MDE 12/22/98), September 1998 · Executions · Military-court trials of alleged Islamists 1992-1999 link
  • Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI), prison report, March 2021, as cited by Middle East Eye · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Egypt under Sisi (stock estimates) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 572 (Israeli War of Independence, 1948-49). · Wounded, military deaths · 1948 Arab-Israeli War link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 573 (Suez War, 1956). · Wounded, military deaths · Suez Crisis / Sinai War (1956) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 576 (Six Day War, 1967). · Wounded, military deaths · Six-Day War (1967) link
  • Committee for Justice (CFJ), 'Egypt: CFJ Records First Death in Detention in 2025 Due to Medical Neglect', January 2025 · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention in Egypt since 2013 link
  • Committee for Justice (CFJ), 'With No Accountability: deaths in places of detention in Egypt, 30 June 2013 - 1 December 2019' · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention in Egypt since 2013 link
  • Committee for Justice (CFJ), as cited in EIPR et al., joint stakeholders' submission on criminal justice for Egypt's 4th-cycle Universal Periodic Review (2024) · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention in Egypt since 2013 link
  • Committee for Justice, as reported in Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Egypt. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Custody deaths · Political detention in Egypt since 2013 link
  • Derek Alan Ide, 'From Kafr al-Dawwar to Kharga's Desert Hell Camp: the repression of Communist workers in Egypt, 1952-1965', Workers of the World vol. 1 no. 7 (2015), citing Marsha Pripstein Posusney and Joel Beinin · Prisoners · 1959 crackdown on Egyptian communists link
  • Derek Alan Ide, 'From Kafr al-Dawwar to Kharga's Desert Hell Camp', Workers of the World vol. 1 no. 7 (2015) · Custody deaths · 1959 crackdown on Egyptian communists link
  • Derek Alan Ide, 'From Kafr al-Dawwar to Kharga's Desert Hell Camp', Workers of the World vol. 1 no. 7 (2015), citing contemporary solidarity-committee reports · Prisoners · 1959 crackdown on Egyptian communists link
  • Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF), Stop Enforced Disappearance campaign, as cited in CIHRS et al., 'Joint Report on the Human Rights Situation in Egypt' (UPR submission), 2024 · Prisoners · Enforced disappearances in Egypt documented by the Stop Enforced Disappearance campaign (ECRF) link
  • Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF), Stop Enforced Disappearance campaign, sixth annual report 'The crime of enforced disappearance continues: official denial is still futile', August 2021 · Prisoners · Enforced disappearances in Egypt documented by the Stop Enforced Disappearance campaign (ECRF) link
  • Egyptian Front for Human Rights (EFHR), 'What do you want before dying?' (death-penalty monitoring report, 2021), as cited in CIHRS et al., 'Joint Report on the Human Rights Situation in Egypt', 2024 · Executions · Judicial executions in Egypt, 2020 link
  • Egyptian government fact-finding commission on the 25 January uprising (panel of judges), report announced 19 April 2011, as reported by Associated Press / NBC News · State killings · January 2011 uprising: killing of protesters by security forces link
  • Egyptian Ministry of Health, as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'All According to Plan', 12 August 2014 · State killings · Dispersal of the al-Nahda Square sit-in, 14 August 2013 link
  • Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR), as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'Egypt: Human Rights Background', October 2001 · Executions · Military-court trials of alleged Islamists 1992-1999 link
  • Human Rights Watch (2014). All According to Plan: The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt. New York: HRW. · State killings · Rab'a al-Adawiya massacre link
  • Human Rights Watch (2017). 'We Do Unreasonable Things Here': Torture and National Security in al-Sisi's Egypt. New York: HRW. · Prisoners · Political detention in Egypt since 2013 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'All According to Plan: The Rab'a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt', 12 August 2014, citing the Forensic Medical Authority · State killings · Republican Guard headquarters shooting, 8 July 2013 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'All According to Plan', 12 August 2014, citing the Forensic Medical Authority · State killings · Manassa Memorial (Nasr City) shooting, 27 July 2013; Ramses Square killings, 16 August 2013 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Egypt: Keep Promise to Free Detainees by End of June', 29 June 2010 (joint statement with EIPR and others) · Prisoners · Administrative detention under Egypt's emergency law (Mubarak era) link
  • Middle East Monitor, 'The Muslim Brotherhood: a history of arrests from 1948 to 2013', 27 January 2014 · Executions · 1965 crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood (the '1965 Organisation' case) link
  • National Council for Human Rights (Egypt) (2014). Fact-finding report on the dispersal of the Rab'a sit-in. · State killings · Rab'a al-Adawiya massacre
  • Time magazine, 'Egypt: The Plot to Kill Nasser', 17 September 1965 · Executions · 1954 crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood after the Alexandria assassination attempt link
  • UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, report to the Commission on Human Rights, January 2001, as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'Egypt: Human Rights Background', October 2001 · Custody deaths · Deaths in custody from torture under Mubarak link
  • UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Opinion No. 5/2005 (El-Derini v. Egypt), E/CN.4/2006/7/Add.1, adopted 24 May 2005, citing independent human rights groups · Prisoners · Administrative detention under Egypt's emergency law (Mubarak era) link
▶El SalvadorUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsInternational bodies · Civilian deathsHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Commission on the Truth for El Salvador (1993). From Madness to Hope: The 12-Year War in El Salvador. UN Doc. S/25500 (the 75,000 total is the figure commonly attributed to the UN). · Civilian deaths · Salvadoran Civil War: all deaths link
  • Hoover Green, Amelia; Ball, Patrick (2019). Civilian killings and disappearances during civil war in El Salvador (1980-1992). Demographic Research 41(27): 781-814. · Civilian deaths · Salvadoran Civil War: civilians killed and disappeared link
  • Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: El Salvador. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · State of exception mass detentions since 2022 link
  • Socorro Juridico Humanitario, as reported in Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: El Salvador. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Custody deaths · State of exception mass detentions since 2022 link
▶Eq. GuineaHistorians and scholars · State killings

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Liniger-Goumaz, Max (1989). Small is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea. London: C. Hurst. · State killings · Killings under Francisco Macias Nguema
▶EritreaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsInternational bodies · State killings, prisonersGovernment records · State killingsClaims by a party · State killingsHistorians and scholars · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (23)

  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: 20 years of independence, but still no freedom, AFR 64/001/2013, May 2013, p. 19 · Prisoners · Closure of the independent press and arrest of journalists, September 2001 link
  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: 20 years of independence, but still no freedom, AFR 64/001/2013, May 2013, p. 20 · Custody deaths · Deaths in custody of journalists arrested in 2001 link
  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: 20 years of independence, but still no freedom, AFR 64/001/2013, May 2013, p. 22 · Prisoners · Arrest and detention of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1993-2013 link
  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: 20 years of independence, but still no freedom, AFR 64/001/2013, May 2013, p. 31 · Prisoners · Detention of asylum-seekers forcibly returned from Egypt, June 2008 - January 2009 link
  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: Religious Persecution, AFR 64/013/2005, December 2005, p. 12 · Prisoners · Mass arrest of Jehovah's Witnesses at a private celebration in Asmara, 16 April 2003 link
  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: Religious Persecution, AFR 64/013/2005, December 2005, p. 17 · Prisoners · Detention of members of banned evangelical and other churches (late 2005 snapshot) link
  • Amnesty International, Eritrea: Religious Persecution, AFR 64/013/2005, December 2005, p. 18 · State killings · Adi Abeto army prison shooting of detained conscription-age youths, 4 November 2004 link
  • Committee to Protect Journalists, Journalists Killed database entry 'Fesshaye "Joshua" Yohannes' (2007) · Custody deaths · Deaths in custody of journalists arrested in 2001 link
  • Dan Connell, 'Escaping Eritrea', Middle East Report (MERIP), 8 August 2012 · State killings · Shooting of youths trying to escape Wi'a military camp, 10 June 2005 link
  • Eritrean Minister of Information statement of 8 November 2004, as reported in Amnesty International Urgent Action UA 301/04, AFR 64/008/2004, 9 November 2004 · State killings · Adi Abeto army prison shooting of detained conscription-age youths, 4 November 2004 link
  • Eritreans for Human and Democratic Rights-UK (EHDR-UK), press release 'Brutality Beyond Imagination', 29 July 2005, as cited in Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Response to Information Request ERI101xxx (2006) · State killings · Shooting of youths trying to escape Wi'a military camp, 10 June 2005 link
  • Human Rights Concern - Eritrea, press release 'More Shooting of Innocents Because Of Forced Conscription in Eritrea: Eleven Shot Dead in Asmara', London, 7 April 2016 · State killings · Soldiers fire on conscripts escaping convoy trucks in central Asmara, 3 April 2016 link
  • Human Rights Watch, Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea, 16 April 2009 · Prisoners · University of Asmara students sent to Wi'a work camp after protest, August 2001; Political prisoners held without charge or trial link
  • Human Rights Watch, Ten Long Years: A Briefing on Eritrea's Missing Political Prisoners, 22 September 2011 · Custody deaths · Deaths in custody among the 21 officials and journalists arrested in September 2001 link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2005: Eritrea · State killings, prisoners · Adi Abeto army prison shooting of detained conscription-age youths, 4 November 2004; Detention of members of unrecognised churches (end-2004 snapshot) link
  • Jehovah's Witnesses (jw.org Newsroom), 'October 2024 Marks Thirty Years of Intense Persecution for Jehovah's Witnesses in Eritrea', October 2024 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Arrest and detention of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1994-2024; Jehovah's Witnesses imprisoned for their faith (October 2024 snapshot) and 1 more link
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, press release of 15 Dec 2025, as reported in JURIST (16 Dec 2025). UN calls for release of thousands of Eritrea prisoners held without charge or trial. · Prisoners · Arbitrary detention in Eritrea link
  • Reporters Without Borders, 'Eritrea ended media freedom 15 years ago this month', September 2016 · Prisoners · Closure of the independent press and arrest of journalists, September 2001 link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, A/HRC/29/CRP.1, 5 June 2015, para. 1115, p. 319 · State killings · Shoot-to-kill at the border: Karora shootings of children fleeing to Sudan, September 2014; Shoot-to-kill at the border: group of 46 shot while fleeing to Sudan, late 2014 link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, A/HRC/29/CRP.1, 5 June 2015, para. 462, p. 122 · Prisoners · Arrest of the G-15 reformist leaders, 18-19 September 2001 link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, A/HRC/29/CRP.1, 5 June 2015, para. 588, p. 152 · State killings · Shooting of marching disabled war veterans from Mai Habar, July 1994 link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, A/HRC/29/CRP.1, 5 June 2015, para. 878, p. 245 · Prisoners · Jehovah's Witnesses imprisoned for belief or conscientious objection (April 2015 snapshot) link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, A/HRC/29/CRP.1, 5 June 2015, para. 984, p. 277 · Custody deaths · Deaths of G-15 prisoners in incommunicado detention (Eiraeiro), 2001-2015 link
▶EstoniaCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, deportations

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Rahi-Tamm, Aigi; Kahar, Andres (2009). The Deportation Operation 'Priboi' in 1949. In Hiio, T.; Maripuu, M.; Paavle, I. (eds.) Estonia since 1944: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, pp. 361-384 (p. 380). · Deportations · Operation Priboi (March 1949 Baltic deportation)
  • Strods, Heinrihs; Kott, Matthew (2002). The File on Operation 'Priboi': A Re-assessment of the Mass Deportations of 1949. Journal of Baltic Studies 33(1): 1-36. · Deportations · Operation Priboi (March 1949 Baltic deportation)
▶eSwatiniUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶EthiopiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, famine deathsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, state killingsInternational bodies · PrisonersClaims by a party · State killings, prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (37)

  • Africa Watch (Alex de Waal), Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia, 1991, ch. 12 'Resettlement' · Deportations · Forced resettlement from the northern highlands 1984-88 link
  • Africa Watch (Alex de Waal), Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia, 1991, ch. 12 'Resettlement', section 'How many died?' · State killings · Forced resettlement from the northern highlands 1984-88 link
  • Africa Watch (Alex de Waal), Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia, 1991, ch. 3, citing Seaman & Holt, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 34 (1975) · Famine deaths · Wollo famine 1972-73, concealed by the imperial government link
  • Africa Watch (de Waal, Alex) (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch, ch. 6, p. 101. · State killings · Red Terror (Qey Shibir) link
  • Africa Watch (de Waal, Alex) (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch, pp. 5, 172. · Famine deaths · Ethiopian famine of 1983-85 link
  • Amnesty International (1978, Nov). Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia. London: Amnesty International, p. 8, as cited in Africa Watch (1991). Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch, ch. 6, p. 104. · Prisoners · Red Terror (Qey Shibir) link
  • Amnesty International estimate, as cited in Girmachew Alemu Aneme, 'Apology and trials: The case of the Red Terror trials in Ethiopia', African Human Rights Law Journal 6:1 (2006), p. 70 · State killings · Red Terror 1976-78 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Ethiopia: Arbitrary detention of thousands in Amhara region must end now', 2024 (Amnesty UK) · Prisoners · Mass detentions in makeshift camps, Amhara region, from 28 September 2024 link
  • Amnesty International, Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia, AFR 25/10/78, November 1978 · Famine deaths, executions · Wollo famine 1972-73, concealed by the imperial government; Summary execution of former imperial officials, Kerchele Prison, 23 November 1974 link
  • Amnesty International, Report 2020/21 (7 April 2021), p. 160, as cited by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada response on ecoi.net · Prisoners · Unrest after the killing of Hachalu Hundessa, 29 June - 2 July 2020 link
  • Campbell, Ian (2017). The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame. London: Hurst, ch. 10, pp. 327-329. · Civilian deaths · Addis Ababa massacre (Yekatit 12), February 1937 link
  • Cultural Survival (Jason Clay & Bonnie Holcomb, Politics and the Ethiopian Famine 1984-1985, 1985, p. 99), as cited in Africa Watch, Evil Days, 1991, ch. 12 · State killings · Forced resettlement from the northern highlands 1984-88 link
  • Del Boca, Angelo (2014). Italiani, brava gente? Vicenza: Neri Pozza, p. 222. · Civilian deaths · Addis Ababa massacre (Yekatit 12), February 1937
  • Ethiopian government announcement, March 2017, as cited in Human Rights Watch letter to the UN Human Rights Council, 'Addressing the Pervasive Human Rights Crisis in Ethiopia', 2 June 2017 · Prisoners · State of emergency detentions, October 2016 - August 2017 link
  • Ethiopian government figure, as reported in Africa Watch (Alex de Waal), Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia, 1991, ch. 6 'The Red Terror' · Executions · Red Terror provincial executions, Gondar, Hararghe, Sidamo and Bale, 1-15 May 1977 link
  • Ethiopian government figures, as cited in Human Rights Watch, World Report 2018, Ethiopia chapter · Prisoners · State of emergency detentions, October 2016 - August 2017 link
  • Ethiopian government official death toll, as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Fuel on the Fire': Security Force Response to the 2016 Irreecha Cultural Festival, 20 September 2017 · State killings · Irreecha festival stampede, Bishoftu, 2 October 2016 link
  • Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (government-mandated), second oral report to parliament, 18 April 2017, as reported by Al Jazeera, 'Report: 669 killed in Ethiopia violence since August' · State killings · Protest and state-of-emergency violence, August 2016 - early 2017 (EHRC second report) link
  • Ethiopian Human Rights Commission statement, February 2024, as reported by VOA, 'Ethiopian Forces Killed At Least 45 Civilians, Human Rights Commission Says' · State killings · Merawi killings of civilians by federal forces, 29 January 2024 link
  • Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, 'Violence and Human Rights Violations Following Musician Hachalu Hundessa's Assassination', Investigative Report, Executive Summary, 1 January 2021 · State killings · Unrest after the killing of Hachalu Hundessa, 29 June - 2 July 2020 link
  • Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO), as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'Ethiopia: Military Executes Dozens in Amhara Region', 4 April 2024 · State killings · Merawi killings of civilians by federal forces, 29 January 2024 link
  • Ethiopian parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into the June and November 2005 violence (Frehiwot Samuel, Woldemichael Meshesha, Mitiku Teshome), original findings 2006, as reported by Pambazuka News, 'Ethiopia: Remember the slaughter of November 2005' · State killings · Post-election protest killings, June and November 2005 link
  • Ethiopian parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into the June and November 2005 violence, original findings 2006, as reported by Pambazuka News · Prisoners, custody deaths · Post-election protest killings, June and November 2005; Kality prison shooting, 3 November 2005 link
  • Gebru Tareke, The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa (Yale University Press, 2009), p. 150, as cited in Wikipedia, 'Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia' · State killings · Forced resettlement from the northern highlands 1984-88 link
  • Girma Gelan (Deputy Commissioner, Federal Police), Getu Argaw (Addis Ababa Police Commissioner) and Jemal Aleyu (Arsi Zone), 6 July 2020, as reported by VOA, 'At Least 166 Killed in Ethiopia After Week of Violence' · State killings · Unrest after the killing of Hachalu Hundessa, 29 June - 2 July 2020 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Such a Brutal Crackdown': Killings and Arrests in Response to Ethiopia's Oromo Protests, 15 June 2016 · State killings · Oromo protest crackdown, November 2015 - May 2016 link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2018, Ethiopia chapter · State killings · Oromia and Amhara protest crackdown, November 2015 - 2017 (cumulative) link
  • Human Rights Watch/Africa, Ethiopia: Reckoning Under the Law, Vol. 6 No. 11, 1 December 1994, p. 4 · Executions · Summary execution of former imperial officials, Kerchele Prison, 23 November 1974 link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • Médecins Sans Frontières public statement, December 1985, as cited in Africa Watch, Evil Days, 1991, ch. 12 · State killings · Forced resettlement from the northern highlands 1984-88 link
  • Mulatu Wubne, 'Resettlement and villagization', in Thomas P. Ofcansky & LaVerle Berry (eds), Ethiopia: A Country Study (Library of Congress, 1991), as cited in Wikipedia, 'Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia' · Deportations · Villagization programme 1985-89 link
  • OHCHR East Africa regional office estimate (early Dec 2021), as reported in US Department of State (2022). 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia. Washington, DC. · Prisoners · Mass detention of Tigrayans under the 2021 state of emergency link
  • OHCHR, 'Update on the Human Rights Situation in Ethiopia, June 2024' (covering 2023), paras. 17-18, 52 · Prisoners · Mass detentions under the August 2023 state of emergency (Amhara and Addis Ababa) link
  • Oromo Federalist Congress (opposition party), as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Fuel on the Fire', 20 September 2017 · State killings · Irreecha festival stampede, Bishoftu, 2 October 2016 link
  • Oromo opposition political parties' statement, as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'Ethiopia: Opposition Figures Held Without Charge', 15 August 2020 · Prisoners · Unrest after the killing of Hachalu Hundessa, 29 June - 2 July 2020 link
  • Tadesse Hordofa, chair of the State of Emergency Inquiry Board, statement to parliament 12 November 2016, as reported by The Reporter (Addis Ababa), 'Board Announces 11,000 Detained Under SoE' · Prisoners · State of emergency detentions, October 2016 - August 2017 link
  • USAID Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (n.d.). Ethiopia Drought/Famine (1983-1985) disaster case report. · Excess deaths · Ethiopian famine of 1983-85 (war-aggravated) link
▶FinlandCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶FranceUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (12)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 573 (Suez War, 1956). · Wounded, military deaths · Suez Crisis / Sinai War (1956) link
  • France, Ministere des Armees (2022). 60e anniversaire de la fin de la guerre d'Algerie. Chemins de memoire. Paris: Ministere des Armees, Direction de la memoire, de la culture et des archives. · Wounded, military deaths · Algerian War link
  • Frumkin, Gregory (1951). Population Changes in Europe since 1939. Geneva/New York: Augustus M. Kelley / Allen & Unwin, p. 62. · Civilian deaths · World War II: French civilians killed by Allied bombing
  • Frumkin, Gregory (1951). Population Changes in Europe since 1939. Geneva/New York: Augustus M. Kelley / Allen & Unwin, pp. 60-65 (France), pp. 44-45 (Belgium). · Civilian deaths · World War II: French civilians killed in land fighting; World War II: French civilians executed/massacred and 2 more
  • Horne, John; Kramer, Alan (2001). German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 74 (and Appendix 1). · Civilian deaths · German invasion of 1914: civilians deliberately killed
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Military deaths · World War I link
  • Marin, L. (1920). Proposition de resolution ... bilan des pertes en morts et en blesses des nations belligerantes. Journal officiel, Documents parlementaires, Chambre des deputes, 1920, annexe no. 633, pp. 32-78 (figures as set out in Prost, A. (2008). Compter les vivants et les morts : l'evaluation des pertes francaises de 1914-1918. Le Mouvement social, 222: 41-60., pp. 52-54). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Prost, A. (2008). Compter les vivants et les morts : l'evaluation des pertes francaises de 1914-1918. Le Mouvement social, 222: 41-60. pp. 53-54. · Wounded · World War I link
▶GabonPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶GambiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶GeorgiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007News media · PrisonersHistorians and scholars · Excess deathsGovernment records · Deportations

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (3)

  • Civil Georgia (2025). Repression in Numbers. Updated 8 Oct 2025. Tbilisi: Civil.ge. · Prisoners · 2024-25 pro-EU protest crackdown link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • NKVD report (Chernyshev and Kuznetsov to Beria, Nov 1944), as cited in Polian, Pavel (2001). Ne po svoei vole: Istoriia i geografiia prinuditel'nykh migratsii v SSSR. Moscow: OGI-Memorial, p. 129. · Deportations · Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks link
▶GermanyUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, excess deathsGovernment records · Wounded, civilian deathsMilitary records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (16)

  • 'Hartheim statistics' (internal T4 record, found 1945), as reported in United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Euthanasia Program and Aktion T4. Holocaust Encyclopedia (also reproduced in Klee, Ernst (1985). 'Euthanasie' im NS-Staat. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, p. 232 - not checked). · State killings · Nazi 'euthanasia' programme (Aktion T4 and later phases) link
  • Bumm, Franz (ed.) (1928). Deutschlands Gesundheitsverhaeltnisse unter dem Einfluss des Weltkrieges. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt / New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 22-61. · Excess deaths · World War I: German civilian deaths from the Allied blockade
  • Deutscher Bundestag (2018). Verwundete Soldaten in Afghanistan. Heute im Bundestag (hib) 139/2018, 9 March 2018, summarising the Federal Government's answer to a minor interpellation (Drucksache 19/1084). Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag. · Wounded · War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 355 ('Official figures of German casualties (Army and Navy)', extracted from the Militar-Wochenblatt of 17 September 1921). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Neutzner, Matthias; Schoenherr, Nicole; von Plato, Alexander; Schnatz, Helmut (eds.) (2010). Abschlussbericht der Historikerkommission zu den Luftangriffen auf Dresden zwischen dem 13. und 15. Februar 1945. Dresden: Landeshauptstadt Dresden, p. 67. · Civilian deaths · World War II: bombing of Dresden, February 1945 link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, casualty summary for 1 Sep 1939 - 31 Jan 1945 (published in the war diary of the OKW), as tabulated in Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 193. · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Overmans, R. (1999). Deutsche militaerische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Munich: Oldenbourg (Beitraege zur Militaergeschichte, 46). · Military deaths · World War II
  • Overy, Richard (2013). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War over Europe 1940-1945. New York: Viking, pp. 304-307. · Civilian deaths · World War II: German civilians killed in Allied air raids
  • Reichsgesundheitsamt (1918). Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade. Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes, 27 December 1918. Berlin: Reichsdruckerei. · Excess deaths · World War I: German civilian deaths from the Allied blockade
  • Statistisches Bundesamt (1961). Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960. Wiesbaden/Bonn, p. 78. · Civilian deaths · World War II: German civilians killed in Allied air raids link
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Euthanasia Program and Aktion T4. Holocaust Encyclopedia. · State killings · Nazi 'euthanasia' programme (Aktion T4 and later phases) link
  • Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; figure as reported in Laqueur, Thomas (2015). Devoted to Terror. London Review of Books 37(18). · Prisoners · Concentration camps 1933-1939 link
  • Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. · Prisoners · Early camps and protective custody
▶GhanaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶GreecePeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Civilian deaths, woundedHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (7)

  • Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 273. · Excess deaths · World War II: Greek famine under Axis occupation
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 353 (Greece). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • National Council for Claiming the Debts of Germany to Greece (2006). Black Book of the Occupation (Mavri Vivlos tis Katochis), in Greek and German. Athens, p. 126. · Civilian deaths, excess deaths · World War II: Greek civilians executed by Axis forces; World War II: Greek civilians killed by bombing and 2 more link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • O'Ballance, Edgar (1966). The Greek Civil War 1944-1949. London: Faber & Faber (upper figure); Keridis, Dimitris (2022). Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece. 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 54 (lower figure). · Civilian deaths · Greek Civil War (1946-49): all deaths
▶GuatemalaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisonersInternational bodies · State killingsGovernment records · Civilian deaths, state killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (19)

  • Amnesty International, 'Former Guatemalan officials must face trial over extrajudicial executions', press release, 14 October 2010 · Custody deaths · El Pavón prison retaking (Operación Pavo Real), 25 September 2006: inmates extrajudicially executed link
  • Amnesty International, 'Guatemala: Amnesty International declares José Rubén Zamora a prisoner of conscience and demands his release', 1 August 2024 · Prisoners · Imprisonment of journalist José Rubén Zamora, July 2022 onward (Amnesty prisoner of conscience) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Guatemala: Conviction of ex-police chief finally brings justice for 1980 Spanish embassy attack', 20 January 2015 · State killings · Spanish embassy fire, Guatemala City, 31 January 1980 link
  • Amnesty International, Guatemala (AI Index AMR 34/01/76, 1976), section 4 'Number and Analysis of Extrajudicial Executions and Disappearances' · State killings · Extrajudicial executions and disappearances by official and semi-official forces, 1966-76 (Amnesty estimate) link
  • Amnesty International, Guatemala (AI Index AMR 34/01/76, briefing paper, 1976), section 2 · State killings · Zacapa-Izabal counter-insurgency campaign, October 1966 - March 1968 link
  • Amnesty International, Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder (London, February 1981), summary · State killings · Political killings under the Lucas García government, January-November 1980 (Amnesty count) link
  • CEH, Guatemala: Memory of Silence, Conclusions and Recommendations (1999), Conclusions I, para 1 · State killings · Internal armed confrontation 1962-96: victims of arbitrary execution registered by the CEH; Internal armed confrontation 1962-96: victims of forced disappearance registered by the CEH link
  • Comision para el Esclarecimiento Historico (CEH) (1999). Guatemala: Memory of Silence (Tz'inil Na'tab'al). Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification, Conclusions and Recommendations. Guatemala City: CEH, p. 17, paras 1-2. · Civilian deaths · Guatemalan Civil War: killed and disappeared link
  • Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH), Guatemala: Memory of Silence. Report of the Commission for Historical Clarification, Conclusions and Recommendations (Guatemala City, 1999), Conclusions I, paras 1-2, 15, 82, 86 · State killings · Internal armed confrontation 1962-96: persons killed or disappeared (CEH estimate) link
  • Cultural Survival, 'Guatemala: Anniversary of the Panzós massacre observed', 29 May 2003 · State killings · Panzós massacre, 29 May 1978 link
  • Guatemala Human Rights Commission/USA, 2014 Annual Report, 'Totonicapán' · State killings · Totonicapán (Cumbre de Alaska) shooting of protesters, 4 October 2012 link
  • Guatemalan Public Ministry indictment of Efraín Ríos Montt (January 2012), as reported by Human Rights Watch, 'Guatemala: Rios Montt Convicted of Genocide', 10 May 2013 · State killings · Ixil massacres under Ríos Montt, March 1982 - August 1983 (genocide indictment) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2019, Guatemala chapter · Custody deaths · Hogar Seguro Virgen de la Asunción fire, San José Pinula, 8 March 2017 link
  • Human Rights Watch/Americas, Guatemala: Return to Violence. Refugees, Civil Patrollers, and Impunity, Vol. 8 No. 1(B), January 1996 · State killings · Xamán massacre, Aurora 8 de Octubre, Chisec, 5 October 1995 link
  • Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Case of the 'Las Dos Erres' Massacre v. Guatemala, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of 24 November 2009, Series C No. 211; seen via Cornell Law School Gender Justice resource summary · State killings · Las Dos Erres massacre, Petén, 6-8 December 1982 link
  • Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Case of the Plan de Sánchez Massacre v. Guatemala, Merits, Judgment of 29 April 2004, Series C No. 105, para 42(15)-(16); seen via Loyola Law School IACHR Project case summary · State killings · Plan de Sánchez massacre, Rabinal, 18 July 1982 link
  • ODHAG/REMHI, Guatemala: Nunca Más (1998), as summarised by Carlos Beristain, 'Guatemala: never again', Forced Migration Review · Prisoners · Internal armed confrontation 1960-96: victims registered by the REMHI project (Guatemala: Nunca Más) link
  • Oficina de Derechos Humanos del Arzobispado de Guatemala (ODHAG), Proyecto Interdiocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica (REMHI), Guatemala: Nunca Más (1998), as summarised by Carlos Beristain, 'Guatemala: never again', Forced Migration Review · State killings · Internal armed confrontation 1960-96: victims registered by the REMHI project (Guatemala: Nunca Más) link
  • Peace Brigades International Guatemala, 'The trial of the Alaska Summit: A massacre in "peacetime"', 2024 · State killings · Totonicapán (Cumbre de Alaska) shooting of protesters, 4 October 2012 link
▶GuineaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶Guinea-BissauUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶GuyanaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶HaitiUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶HondurasUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶HungaryPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedOther works · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2018). 'Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country'. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Washington, DC: USHMM. · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered link
▶IndiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded, military deathsHistorians and scholars · Excess deaths, civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (12)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 605 (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, 'Total Casualties'), via Google Books search-inside. · Wounded, military deaths · Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 link
  • Famine Inquiry Commission (Woodhead Commission) (1945). Report on Bengal. New Delhi: Manager of Publications, Government of India, p. 110. · Excess deaths · Bengal famine of 1943 link
  • Government of India, Ministry of Defence (1999). Soldiers killed during Indo-Pak wars: answer by the Minister of Defence (George Fernandes) to Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 793, 8 December 1999. New Delhi: Rajya Sabha (archived copy, Internet Archive). · Wounded, military deaths · Kargil War (1999) link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 1, Table (i)(a), p. 237. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • Ministry of Home Affairs, written reply in the Rajya Sabha by MoS G. Kishan Reddy, 10 Feb 2021 (NCRB data), as reported in ThePrint (2021). Over 5,000 people arrested under UAPA between 2016-2019, govt tells Rajya Sabha. · Prisoners · Arrests under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act link
  • Moon, Penderel (1961). Divide and Quit. London: Chatto & Windus, pp. 268-269 and 293 (note on casualty estimates). · Civilian deaths · Partition of India: communal killings
  • O Grada, Cormac (2007). 'Making Famine History'. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(1): 5-38, p. 19. · Excess deaths · Bengal famine of 1943 link
  • Press Information Bureau, Government of India (2001). Indian soldiers killed in various wars and operations (Rajya Sabha reply). PIB Latest Releases, 5 December 2001. New Delhi: PIB (archived copy, Internet Archive). · Wounded, military deaths · First Kashmir War (1947-1948); Sino-Indian War (1962) and 3 more link
  • Sen, Amartya (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Appendix D, pp. 195-216 (totals p. 202). · Excess deaths · Bengal famine of 1943
  • Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009). The Partition of India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. · Civilian deaths · Partition of India: communal killings
  • UK Parliament (1945). British Empire War Casualties: written answer by the Prime Minister (C. Attlee). House of Commons Debates, 29 November 1945, vol 416, cc1735-6W (tabular statement of casualties to all ranks of the armed forces of the British Commonwealth and Empire, 3 Sep 1939 - 14 Aug 1945). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶IndonesiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · State killings, prisonersInternational bodies · State killings, executionsRights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · State killings, prisonersClaims by a party · State killingsMilitary records · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (34)

  • Amnesty International (1977). Indonesia: An Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty International Publications (146 pp., released 18 Oct 1977); figures as restated in Amnesty International Report 1977 (Indonesia chapter). · Prisoners · Political prisoners (tapol) after 1965 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2013', ACT 50/001/2014, March 2014, Asia-Pacific chapter · Executions · Judicial executions in Indonesia, 2013 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2015', ACT 50/3487/2016, April 2016, Asia-Pacific chapter · Executions · Judicial executions in Indonesia, 2015 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Don't Bother, Just Let Him Die: Killing with Impunity in Papua', ASA 21/8198/2018, 2 July 2018, Executive Summary · State killings · Unlawful killings by security forces in Papua, 2010-2018 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Indonesia & East Timor: Power and Impunity. Human Rights under the New Order', AI Index ASA 21/17/94, September 1994, Introduction · State killings, executions · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66; Judicial executions under the New Order, 1985-1994 and 1 more link
  • Amnesty International, 'Indonesia & East Timor: Power and Impunity. Human Rights under the New Order', AI Index ASA 21/17/94, September 1994, Introduction and ch. 4 'Extrajudicial execution' · State killings · Petrus 'mysterious shootings' of alleged criminals, 1983-85 link
  • Amnesty International, report on Tanjung Priok (1985), as cited by Amnesty International Indonesia, 13 September 2023 (Kompas.com report translated by Indoleft) · State killings · Tanjung Priok massacre, Jakarta, 12 September 1984 link
  • Amnesty International, Urgent Action 'Indonesia: Four executed, ten still at risk', ASA 21/4581/2016, 29 July 2016 · Executions · Judicial executions in Indonesia, 2016 link
  • Asvi Warman Adam (LIPI), expert testimony to the International People's Tribunal 1965, The Hague, 10-13 November 2015, in Final Report of the IPT 1965 (2016), p. 43 · Prisoners · Buru Island penal colony for 1965 political prisoners link
  • Attributed to Brig. Gen. Sarwo Edhie Wibowo (1989), as cited in Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 340 (ch. 5 n. 3). · State killings · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66 link
  • Dower, John W. (1986). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon, p. 296 (citing a 1947 UN report). · Civilian deaths · World War II: Indonesian forced labourers and internees who died
  • ELSHAM (Institute for Human Rights Study and Advocacy, Jayapura), 'Nama Tanpa Pusara, Pusara Tanpa Nama: Laporan Pelanggaran HAM di Biak, Irian Jaya', July 1999, as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'Indonesia: Human Rights and Pro-Independence Actions in Papua, 1999-2000', May 2000, p. 8 n. 19 · State killings · Biak flag-raising massacre, Papua, 6 July 1998 link
  • Gen. Benny Murdani, ABRI Commander, statement of 13 September 1984, as cited in 'Background: the Tanjung Priok massacre', Asia-Pacific Solidarity Network, 24 June 2000 · State killings · Tanjung Priok massacre, Jakarta, 12 September 1984 link
  • Komando Operasi Tertinggi (KOTI), Fact Finding Commission (Jakarta, 10 January 1966), as cited in Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 120 and p. 340 n. 3. · State killings · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66 link
  • Komnas HAM / KPP HAM Tanjung Priok, final report presented to the DPR, June 2000, as reported by The Jakarta Post, 'No proof of massacre in Tanjung Priok: Komnas HAM', 17 June 2000 (via Asia-Pacific Solidarity Network) · State killings · Tanjung Priok massacre, Jakarta, 12 September 1984 link
  • Komnas HAM, Ad Hoc Investigation Team on Petrus 1982-1985, findings announced 24 July 2012, as reported by The Jakarta Post, ''Petrus' gross rights violation', 25 July 2012 · State killings · Petrus 'mysterious shootings' of alleged criminals, 1983-85 link
  • Komnas HAM, Ad Hoc Team on Enforced Disappearances 1997-98, report of November 2006, as summarised by Stop Impunity (Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances), '1997-1998 Kidnappings' · Prisoners · Abduction of pro-democracy activists by Kopassus Tim Mawar, 1997-98 link
  • Komnas HAM, Ad Hoc Team on Talangsari 1989, findings (2008), as reported by IDN Times Lampung, '37 Tahun Tragedi Talangsari', February 2026 · State killings · Talangsari (Lampung) killings, 7 February 1989 link
  • Komnas HAM, KPP HAM Trisakti-Semanggi I-Semanggi II, final report (2002), as summarised by Stop Impunity (AFAD), '1998 Shootings Trisakti, Jakarta' · State killings · Trisakti University shootings, Jakarta, 12 May 1998 link
  • Komnas HAM, KPP HAM Trisakti-Semanggi I-Semanggi II, final report (2002), as summarised by Stop Impunity (AFAD), '1998-1999 Shootings Semanggi I and II, Jakarta' · State killings · Semanggi I shootings, Jakarta, 13 November 1998; Semanggi II shootings, Jakarta, 24 September 1999 link
  • Komnas HAM, Report on Grave Violations of Human Rights 1965-66 (2012), as quoted in Final Report of the International People's Tribunal 1965 (2016), pp. 43 and 115 · Prisoners · Buru Island penal colony for 1965 political prisoners link
  • Komnas HAM, Statement on the Results of the Investigation into Grave Violations of Human Rights during the Events of 1965-1966, 23 July 2012 (TAPOL translation), section on Moncong Loe · Prisoners · Moncong Loe detention camp, South Sulawesi link
  • Komnas HAM, Statement on the Results of the Investigation into Grave Violations of Human Rights during the Events of 1965-1966, 23 July 2012 (TAPOL translation), section on South Sumatra · State killings · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66: South Sumatra disappearances link
  • KontraS and Paguyuban Keluarga Korban Talangsari Lampung (PK2TL), press release '37 Tahun Peristiwa Talangsari 1989', February 2026 · State killings · Talangsari (Lampung) killings, 7 February 1989 link
  • KontraS, annual report on police conduct for Bhayangkara Day, July 2023, as reported by Tempo English, 'KontraS Records 622 Police Brutality Cases in Indonesia in the Past Year', 2023 · State killings · KontraS police-violence monitoring, July 2022 - June 2023 link
  • KontraS, annual report on police conduct for the 80th Bhayangkara Day, 1 July 2026, as reported by Tempo English, 'KontraS Records 29 Deaths Linked to Police Killings in Indonesia' · State killings · KontraS police-violence monitoring, July 2025 - June 2026 link
  • KontraS, annual torture report for International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, 26 June 2022, as reported by Kompas.com and translated by Indoleft, 27 June 2022 · Custody deaths · KontraS annual torture monitoring, June 2021 - May 2022 link
  • KontraS, Human Rights Day 2024 report, 6 December 2024, as reported by Tempo English, 'KontraS Records 45 Extrajudicial Killings Over the Past Year: Mostly Committed by Police' · State killings · KontraS Human Rights Day report, December 2023 - November 2024 link
  • Kopkamtib (Command for the Restoration of Security and Order) internal report, 1966, as reported in Robert Cribb, 'Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966', Asian Survey 42:4 (July/August 2002), p. 557 · State killings · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66 link
  • Robert Cribb, 'Genocide in Indonesia, 1965-1966', Journal of Genocide Research 3:2 (2001), p. 232, as quoted in Final Report of the International People's Tribunal 1965 (2016), p. 37 · State killings · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66 link
  • Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 3, 120. · State killings · Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66
  • Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 3, 210-211. · Prisoners · Political prisoners (tapol) after 1965
  • United Nations Economic and Social Council (1947). Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East. Supp. 10, pp. 13-14. · Excess deaths · World War II: deaths from famine and forced labour in the Dutch East Indies
  • van der Eng, Pierre (2008). Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940-1950. MPRA Paper No. 8852, p. 47 of the PDF (citing De Vries 1946, p. 19). · Excess deaths · World War II: Java famine under Japanese occupation link
▶IranUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Executions, state killings, prisonersGovernment records · Civilian deaths, woundedClaims by a party · Civilian deaths, executionsHistorians and scholars · Wounded, executionsNews media · State killingsInternational bodies · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (17)

  • Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press. · Executions · Post-revolutionary political executions
  • Amnesty International (2018). Blood-soaked Secrets: Why Iran's 1988 Prison Massacres are Ongoing Crimes against Humanity. MDE 13/9421/2018. London: Amnesty International. · Executions · 1988 prison massacre link
  • Amnesty International (2020). A Web of Impunity: The Killings Iran's Internet Shutdown Hid. London: Amnesty International. · State killings · November 2019 (Aban) protest crackdown
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp. 589-590 (Iran-Iraq War). · Wounded · Iran-Iraq War link
  • Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 300 (table of losses claimed by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation, Paris 1919). · Civilian deaths · Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
  • Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, official toll (Feb 2026). · State killings · 2025-26 protest crackdown (January 2026 massacres)
  • Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) (2026, 23 Feb). The Crimson Winter: A 50 Day Record of Iran's 2025-2026 Nationwide Protests. · State killings, prisoners · 2025-26 protest crackdown (January 2026 massacres) link
  • Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA), tally as of 6 Jan 2023. · Prisoners · 2022 'Woman, Life, Freedom' protest crackdown link
  • Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO) (2023, 15 Sept). One Year Protest Report: At Least 551 Killed and 22 Suspicious Deaths. · State killings · 2022 'Woman, Life, Freedom' protest crackdown link
  • Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO) and ECPM (2025). Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran 2024. · Executions · Executions in Iran, 2024 link
  • Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO) and ECPM (2026). Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran 2025. · Executions · Executions in Iran, 2025 link
  • Iranian police spokesperson, statement of 12 Aug 2025, as reported in Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Iran. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · Arrests after the June 2025 Israel-Iran war link
  • Kurzman, Charles (2013). 'Death Tolls of the Iran-Iraq War'. 31 October 2013 (citing Basij organisation figures). · Civilian deaths · Iran-Iraq War: Iranians killed in the 'war of the cities' link
  • People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK) claim. · Executions · 1988 prison massacre
  • Reuters (2019, 23 Dec). Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest - 'Do whatever it takes to end it'. · State killings · November 2019 (Aban) protest crackdown
  • UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran, statement of 22 Jan 2026. · State killings · 2025-26 protest crackdown (January 2026 massacres)
  • Zargar, M., Araghizadeh, H., Soroush, M. R. and Khaji, A. (2007). Iranian casualties during the eight years of Iraq-Iran conflict. Revista de Saude Publica, 41(6): 1065-1066 (citing the Janbazan Affairs Organization and the Foundation of Martyrs Affairs). · Wounded, military deaths · Iran-Iraq War link
▶IraqUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, executionsHistorians and scholars · Excess deaths, state killingsClaims by a party · State killings, civilian deathsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersInternational bodies · Excess deathsOther works · Excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (35)

  • Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2019, ACT 50/1847/2020 (April 2020) · Executions · Judicial executions in Iraq, 2018 (Amnesty count); Judicial executions in Iraq, 2019 (Amnesty count) link
  • Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2022, ACT 50/6548/2023 (May 2023) · Executions · Judicial executions in Iraq, 2022 (Amnesty count) link
  • Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2023, ACT 50/7952/2024 (May 2024) · Executions · Judicial executions in Iraq, 2023 (Amnesty count) link
  • Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2024, ACT 50/8976/2025 (April 2025) · Executions · Judicial executions in Iraq, 2024 (Amnesty count) link
  • Amnesty International, Unjust and Unfair: The Death Penalty in Iraq, AI Index MDE 14/014/2007 (April 2007), footnote 5, recalling its January 1983 mission report · Executions · Political executions under the Ba'ath, 1978-1981 (Amnesty named list) link
  • Amnesty International, Unjust and Unfair: The Death Penalty in Iraq, AI Index MDE 14/014/2007 (April 2007), p. 1 · Executions · Judicial executions in Iraq, 2005 (Amnesty count); Judicial executions in Iraq, 2006 (Amnesty count) link
  • Amnesty International, Unjust and Unfair: The Death Penalty in Iraq, AI Index MDE 14/014/2007 (April 2007), p. 5 · Executions · Executions under Saddam Hussein, 1980-1983 (Amnesty count) link
  • Amnesty International, Unjust and Unfair: The Death Penalty in Iraq, AI Index MDE 14/014/2007 (April 2007), p. 5, citing Amnesty International Annual Report 1988 (POL 10/01/88) · Executions · Executions under Saddam Hussein, November-December 1987 (Amnesty count) link
  • Association of Free Prisoners (AFP), Baghdad, claim of July 2003, as reported in Human Rights Watch, Iraq: State of the Evidence (November 2004), p. 9 · State killings · Disappearances under Saddam Hussein 1979-2003 link
  • Black, George (1993). Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. New York: Human Rights Watch/Middle East, Introduction. · Civilian deaths · Anfal campaign against the Kurds link
  • Burnham, Gilbert; Lafta, Riyadh; Doocy, Shannon; Roberts, Les (2006). 'Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey'. The Lancet, 368(9545): 1421-1428. · Excess deaths · Iraq War: excess mortality (Lancet 2006) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, pp. 589-590 (Iran-Iraq War). · Wounded, military deaths · Iran-Iraq War link
  • Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi, Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography (Grove Press, 1991), p. 116, as cited by Wikipedia, '1979 Ba'ath Party Purge' · Executions · July 1979 Ba'ath Party purge (Khuld Hall / 'Comrades Massacre') link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 61, 65, 73, 77-78. · Excess deaths · World War I: Ottoman civilian deaths from famine and disease
  • FIDH (International Federation for Human Rights), Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing (January 2003) · State killings · Faili Kurd men separated from deported families and disappeared, 1980s link
  • FIDH (International Federation for Human Rights), Iraq: continuous and silent ethnic cleansing. Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran, report no. 350/2 (January 2003) · Deportations · Deportation of Faili Kurds and other 'Iranian-origin' Iraqis to Iran, 1980 link
  • Figures given by Iraqi authorities to The Truth About the Gulf War (French NGO, June 1991), as cited in Middle East Watch (1992). Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath. New York: Human Rights Watch. · State killings · Suppression of the 1991 uprisings (Shia south) link
  • Government of Iraq compensation scheme (families of protesters killed), as reported in Amnesty International, 'We hold them responsible for the blood of our youth' (October 2024) · State killings · Suppression of the Tishreen protests, October 2019 - June 2020 link
  • Government of Iraq statement, October 1991, as reported in Human Rights Watch / Middle East Watch, Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath (June 1992) · Prisoners · Suppression of the 1991 uprisings: arrests (Iraqi government claim) link
  • Hagopian, Amy; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Takaro, Tim K.; et al. (2013). 'Mortality in Iraq associated with the 2003-2011 war and occupation: findings from a national cluster sample survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study'. PLoS Medicine, 10(10): e1001533. · Excess deaths · Iraq War and occupation: excess mortality link
  • Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton University Press, 1978), citing a foreign diplomatic observer; as quoted by Global Policy Forum, 'CIA Lists Provide Basis for Iraqi Bloodbath' · State killings · February 1963 Ba'athist coup: killing of communists and sympathisers link
  • Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton University Press, 1978), reporting the Iraqi Communist Party's own count; as quoted by Global Policy Forum, 'CIA Lists Provide Basis for Iraqi Bloodbath' · State killings · February 1963 Ba'athist coup: killing of communists and sympathisers link
  • Human Rights Watch (2004). Iraq: State of the Evidence. New York: HRW. · State killings · Disappearances under Saddam Hussein link
  • Human Rights Watch / Middle East Watch, Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (July 1993), Introduction · State killings · Abduction and killing of Barzani clan males, 1983; Anfal campaign against the Kurds, 1987-1988 and 1 more link
  • Human Rights Watch, Iraq: State of the Evidence, Vol. 16 No. 7(E) (November 2004), footnote 47 · State killings · Faili Kurd men separated from deported families and disappeared, 1980s; Abduction and killing of Barzani clan males, 1983 and 1 more link
  • Human Rights Watch, Iraq: State of the Evidence, Vol. 16 No. 7(E) (November 2004), p. 17 and footnote 47 · State killings · Disappearances under Saddam Hussein 1979-2003 link
  • Human Rights Watch, The Iraqi Government Assault on the Marsh Arabs, Briefing Paper (January 2003) · State killings, deportations · Repression of the Marsh Arabs, 1991-2003: killings; Repression of the Marsh Arabs, 1991-2003: forced displacement link
  • Iraq Body Count (2026). Database of documented civilian deaths from violence (range as displayed, accessed 29 Sep 2026). · Civilian deaths · Iraq War and aftermath: civilians killed by violence (documented) link
  • Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group (2008). 'Violence-related mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006'. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(5): 484-493. · Excess deaths · Iraq War: violent deaths (Iraq Family Health Survey) link
  • Iraqi High Commission for Human Rights (IHCHR) count to 16 June 2020, as quoted in Amnesty International, 'We hold them responsible for the blood of our youth': Five years on, impunity prevails for violations against Tishreen protesters, MDE 14/8565/2024 (October 2024) · State killings · Suppression of the Tishreen protests, October 2019 - June 2020 link
  • Kanan Makiya, Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, updated ed. (University of California Press, 1998), and Haaretz, 'This Day in Jewish History: 1969: Nine Jewish spies are hanged in Baghdad' (27 Jan 2014), as cited by Wikipedia, '1969 Baghdad hangings' · Executions · January 1969 Baghdad public hangings of alleged spies link
  • Kurdish authorities / Kurdistan Regional Government figure, as cited in 'The Kurdish Genocide: Achieving Justice through EU Recognition' (KRG document circulated to the European Parliament Delegation for relations with Iraq, 2013); also cited by FIDH 2003 ('according to the Kurdish authorities') and HRW Endless Torment 1992 ('Kurdish sources') · State killings · Anfal campaign against the Kurds, 1987-1988 link
  • Kurdistan Regional Government, 'The Kurdish Genocide: Achieving Justice through EU Recognition' (document to the European Parliament Delegation for relations with Iraq, 2013) · State killings · Halabja chemical attack, 16 March 1988 link
  • Makiya, Kanan (1993). Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 163-168. · Civilian deaths · Anfal campaign against the Kurds
  • Opinion Research Business (2008). 'Update on Iraqi Casualty Data', January 2008. London: ORB. · Excess deaths · Iraq War: deaths (ORB poll) link
▶IsraelUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deathsGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (7)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 572 (Israeli War of Independence, 1948-49). · Wounded, military deaths · 1948 Arab-Israeli War link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 573 (Suez War, 1956). · Wounded, military deaths · Suez Crisis / Sinai War (1956) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 576 (Six Day War, 1967). · Wounded, military deaths · Six-Day War (1967) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 578 (War of Attrition). · Wounded, military deaths · War of Attrition (1969-1970) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 590 (Lebanon War: 1982). · Wounded, military deaths · Lebanon War (1982) link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 61, 65, 73, 77-78. · Excess deaths · World War I: Ottoman civilian deaths from famine and disease
  • Israel State Archives (2023). The 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War - newly declassified material (online publication, September 2023). Jerusalem: Israel State Archives. · Wounded, military deaths · Yom Kippur War link
▶ItalyUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, civilian deathsGovernment records · Civilian deaths, wounded

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (5)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 352 (Italy, casualties to 11 November 1918). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Istituto Centrale di Statistica (1957). Morti e dispersi per cause belliche negli anni 1940-45. Rome: ISTAT, Tav. 1-1, p. 3. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Italian civilian war dead link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
▶JamaicaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶JapanCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedGovernment records · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (7)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981). Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings. New York: Basic Books, p. 113. · Civilian deaths · Atomic bombing of Hiroshima; Atomic bombing of Nagasaki
  • Dower, John W. (1986). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon, pp. 297-299. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Japanese civilian war dead
  • Frank, Richard B. (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House, pp. 16-18. · Civilian deaths · Firebombing of Tokyo, 9-10 March 1945
  • Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, p. 30 (Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare figures). · Civilian deaths · World War II: Japanese civilian war dead
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, ch. I, Table 27. · Military deaths · Russo-Japanese War link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, ch. I, Tables 17 and 26 (compiled from B. Ts. Urlanis). · Wounded · Russo-Japanese War link
▶JordanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Excess deaths, wounded

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 576 (Six Day War, 1967). · Wounded, military deaths · Six-Day War (1967) link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 61, 65, 73, 77-78. · Excess deaths · World War I: Ottoman civilian deaths from famine and disease
▶KazakhstanRights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisonersGovernment records · Prisoners, state killingsHistorians and scholars · Excess deaths, famine deaths

Books, archives and reports (21)

  • #Qantar2022 volunteer victim-list initiative, as cited in IPHR, KIBHR, Kazakhstan Coalition against Torture and OMCT, '"We don't even cry anymore"', January 2023, p. 9 · State killings · January 2022 unrest crackdown link
  • Amnesty International, 'Kazakhstan: Progress and nature of official investigations called into question 100 days after violent clashes between police and protesters in Zhanaozen', public statement, AI Index EUR 57/001/2012, 21 March 2012, p. 1 · State killings · Zhanaozen shooting of striking oil workers, 16-17 December 2011 link
  • Cameron, Sarah (2018). The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, p. 2. · Famine deaths · Kazakh famine (Asharshylyk)
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • General Prosecutor's Office of Kazakhstan (2022), published list of 238 people who died, as reported in The Astana Times (Aug 2022). General Prosecutor's Office Publishes List of 238 People Who Died During January Riots in Kazakhstan. · State killings · January 2022 unrest crackdown ('Bloody January') link
  • Helsinki Watch (Human Rights Watch), 'Conflict in the Soviet Union: The Untold Story of the Clashes in Kazakhstan', October 1990, p. 1 (Introduction) and p. 25 · State killings · Jeltoqsan protests, Alma-Ata, December 1986 link
  • Helsinki Watch (Human Rights Watch), 'Conflict in the Soviet Union: The Untold Story of the Clashes in Kazakhstan', October 1990, p. 27 ('Convictions') · Prisoners · Jeltoqsan protests, Alma-Ata, December 1986 (criminal convictions) link
  • Helsinki Watch (Human Rights Watch), 'Conflict in the Soviet Union: The Untold Story of the Clashes in Kazakhstan', October 1990, pp. 33-34 (testimony of Zholtoksan activist Abenov) · Custody deaths · Jeltoqsan protests: death in prison of Kairat Ryskulbekov link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Kazakhstan: Crackdown on Government Critics', 7 July 2021 · Prisoners · Prosecutions for 'participation' in banned DVK and Koshe Partiyasy opposition movements (Criminal Code art. 405) link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Kazakhstan: Letter to the Prosecutor General regarding the December events in Zhanaozen and Shetpe', 1 February 2012 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Zhanaozen crackdown, December 2011 (mass detentions); Zhanaozen crackdown: death of Bazarbai Kenzhebaev after police custody link
  • Human Rights Watch, International Partnership for Human Rights et al. (2022). Kazakhstan: Joint Statement on January 2022 events. 29 July 2022. · State killings · January 2022 unrest crackdown ('Bloody January') link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2013, Kazakhstan chapter (2013) · Prisoners · Zhanaozen trials of oil workers and demonstrators, 2012 link
  • International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR), 'International Anti-Torture Day: Kazakhstan must ensure justice for the victims of torture during the January 2022 events', statement, 24 June 2022 · Custody deaths · January 2022 unrest crackdown (deaths in detention) link
  • Manash Kozybayev (historian, Kazakhstan), figures on the December 1986 events, as quoted by L. Grivennaya, 'M. Kozybayev about events happened in 1986', e-history.kz (National Digital History portal, Kazakhstan), n.d. · State killings · Jeltoqsan protests, Alma-Ata, December 1986 link
  • Manash Kozybayev, figures on the December 1986 events, as quoted by L. Grivennaya, 'M. Kozybayev about events happened in 1986', e-history.kz, n.d. · Prisoners · Jeltoqsan protests, Alma-Ata, December 1986 link
  • Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan, figure of 11 January 2022, as cited in IPHR, KIBHR, Kazakhstan Coalition against Torture and OMCT, '"We don't even cry anymore": Torture, ill-treatment and impunity in Kazakhstan in connection with the "Bloody January" events', January 2023, p. 9 · Prisoners · January 2022 unrest crackdown (mass detentions) link
  • Mukhtar Shakhanov (People's Deputy), 'On Commission Proceedings and on Further Clarification of the Circumstances of the December 1986 Events in Alma-Ata', report of the Kazakh SSR Supreme Soviet commission, 14 November 1989; reproduced as Appendix A in Helsinki Watch, 'Conflict in the Soviet Union' (1990), p. 29 · Prisoners · Jeltoqsan protests, Alma-Ata, December 1986 link
  • Official figures, as reported in Human Rights Watch, International Partnership for Human Rights et al. (2022). Kazakhstan: Joint Statement on January 2022 events. 29 July 2022. · Custody deaths · January 2022 unrest crackdown ('Bloody January') link
  • Open Dialogue Foundation, 'Political Repressions and Political Prisoners in Kazakhstan', 24 September 2025 · Prisoners · Political imprisonment (political prisoners held, 2025) link
  • Prosecutor General of Kazakhstan, statement of 25 January 2012, as quoted in Human Rights Watch, 'Kazakhstan: Letter to the Prosecutor General regarding the December events in Zhanaozen and Shetpe', 1 February 2012 · State killings · Zhanaozen shooting of striking oil workers, 16 December 2011 link
  • Prosecutor General's Office of Kazakhstan, briefing of early November 2022, as quoted in Human Rights Watch, 'Kazakhstan: No Justice for January Protest Abuses', 20 December 2022 · Prisoners · January 2022 unrest crackdown (criminal convictions of protesters and others) link
▶KenyaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Prisoners, executionsGovernment records · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (3)

  • Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. New York: W. W. Norton. · Executions · Mau Mau Emergency detention camps
  • British colonial government figures, as discussed in Elkins, Caroline (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt. · Prisoners · Mau Mau Emergency detention camps
  • Elkins, Caroline (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt. · Prisoners · Mau Mau Emergency detention camps
▶KosovoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶KuwaitUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶KyrgyzstanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Excess deathsNews media · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (15)

  • Amnesty International, 'Kyrgyzstan: Ethnic bias hampering justice efforts six months after June violence', December 2010 · Prisoners · Detentions of suspects (mostly ethnic Uzbeks) after the June 2010 Osh violence link
  • Antoine Blua, 'Kyrgyzstan: Lawmakers Demand Justice Over 2002 Aksy Killings', RFE/RL, 11 March 2004 · State killings · Aksy shooting of protesters, 17-18 March 2002 link
  • Bir Duino Kyrgyzstan, figures cited in Human Rights Watch, 'Kyrgyzstan: Justice Elusive 10 Years On', 9 June 2020 · Prisoners · Ethnic Uzbeks prosecuted for killings in the June 2010 violence link
  • Committee to Protect Journalists, 'Kyrgyzstan Supreme Court upholds lengthy prison terms for Temirov Live journalists', February 2025 · Prisoners · Arrest of Temirov Live investigative journalists, January 2024 link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2024: Kyrgyzstan · Prisoners · Arrest of Eldik Kenesh opposition party members, June 2023 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Distorted Justice: Kyrgyzstan's Flawed Investigations and Trials on the 2010 Violence', June 2011 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Detentions of suspects (mostly ethnic Uzbeks) after the June 2010 Osh violence; Ethnic-Uzbek detainees held on murder charges after the June 2010 violence and 1 more link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Kyrgyzstan Arrests Activists en Masse', 25 October 2022 · Prisoners · Kempir-Abad case: arrest of activists opposing the dam transfer to Uzbekistan link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Kyrgyzstan: Free the 22 Kempir-Abad Protest Detainees', 20 March 2023 · Prisoners · Kempir-Abad case: arrest of activists opposing the dam transfer to Uzbekistan; Kempir-Abad case: defendants held in pre-trial detention link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Kyrgyzstan: Human Rights Defender Dies in Prison', 25 July 2020 · Custody deaths · Death in prison of human rights defender Azimjon Askarov link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Kyrgyzstan: Skewed Justice Over 2010 Conflict', 28 October 2012 · Prisoners · Life sentences for the June 2010 violence (Suzak district trials) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2012: Kyrgyzstan · Custody deaths · Deaths of ethnic Uzbeks from injuries sustained in police detention (extortion schemes), 2011 link
  • Kyrgyz government figures on June 2010 cases, as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Kyrgyzstan: Justice Elusive 10 Years On', 9 June 2020 · Prisoners · Prosecutions for the June 2010 violence (persons whose cases reached court) link
  • Official Kyrgyz death toll for 7 April 2010 as reported in 'Death Toll Rises In 2010 Kyrgyz Uprising', RFE/RL, 2 August 2011 · State killings · Killing of protesters, April 2010 uprising (Bishkek, 7 April 2010) link
  • Revised official Kyrgyz death toll for 7 April 2010 as reported in 'Death Toll Rises In 2010 Kyrgyz Uprising', RFE/RL, 2 August 2011 · State killings · Killing of protesters, April 2010 uprising (Bishkek, 7 April 2010) link
▶LaosUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶LatviaCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, deportations

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Rahi-Tamm, Aigi; Kahar, Andres (2009). The Deportation Operation 'Priboi' in 1949. In Hiio, T.; Maripuu, M.; Paavle, I. (eds.) Estonia since 1944. Tallinn: Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, pp. 361-384 (p. 380). · Deportations · Operation Priboi (March 1949 Baltic deportation)
  • Strods, Heinrihs; Kott, Matthew (2002). The File on Operation 'Priboi': A Re-assessment of the Mass Deportations of 1949. Journal of Baltic Studies 33(1): 1-36. · Deportations · Operation Priboi (March 1949 Baltic deportation)
▶LebanonUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Excess deaths, civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 61, 65, 73, 77-78. · Excess deaths · World War I: Ottoman civilian deaths from famine and disease
  • Labaki, Boutros; Abou Rjeily, Khalil (1993). Bilan des guerres du Liban, 1975-1990. Paris: L'Harmattan. · Civilian deaths · Lebanese Civil War: all deaths
▶LesothoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶LiberiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶LibyaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶LithuaniaCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, deportations

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Rahi-Tamm, Aigi; Kahar, Andres (2009). The Deportation Operation 'Priboi' in 1949. In Hiio, T.; Maripuu, M.; Paavle, I. (eds.) Estonia since 1944. Tallinn: Estonian Institute of Historical Memory, pp. 361-384 (p. 380). · Deportations · Operation Priboi (March 1949 Baltic deportation)
  • Strods, Heinrihs; Kott, Matthew (2002). The File on Operation 'Priboi': A Re-assessment of the Mass Deportations of 1949. Journal of Baltic Studies 33(1): 1-36. · Deportations · Operation Priboi (March 1949 Baltic deportation)
▶LuxembourgGovernment records · Wounded

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
▶MacedoniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MadagascarUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MalaysiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MaliUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MaltaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶MauritaniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MexicoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • McCaa, Robert (2003). 'Missing Millions: The Demographic Costs of the Mexican Revolution'. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 19(2): 367-400. · Excess deaths · Mexican Revolution: excess deaths link
▶MoldovaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, deportations

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • MVD figures as compiled in Polian, Pavel (2001). Ne po svoei vole: Istoriia i geografiia prinuditel'nykh migratsii v SSSR. Moscow: OGI-Memorial, p. 140 (English: Against Their Will, Budapest: CEU Press, 2004). · Deportations · Operation South (July 1949 Moldavian deportation) link
▶MongoliaCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MontenegroUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MoroccoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶MozambiqueUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Civilian deaths, excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Gersony, Robert (1988). Summary of Mozambican Refugee Accounts of Principally Conflict-Related Experience in Mozambique. Washington, DC: US Department of State, Bureau for Refugee Programs, April 1988, p. 40. · Civilian deaths · Mozambican Civil War: civilians murdered by RENAMO link
  • US Department of State (2011). Background Note: Mozambique, 4 November 2011. · Excess deaths · Mozambican Civil War: deaths from fighting and famine link
▶MyanmarUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, state killings, deportationsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersInternational bodies · State killings, prisonersNews media · State killingsHistorians and scholars · State killingsClaims by a party · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (33)

  • Ad Hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma Lawyers' Council and National Council of the Union of Burma), preliminary report, 25 June 2003, as quoted by Democratic Voice of Burma, 'Police file whitewashes Depayin massacre' · State killings · 30 May 2003 Depayin massacre of NLD convoy link
  • Amnesty International, 'Myanmar: Prisoners of Conscience, Torture, Summary Trials under Martial Law' (AI Index ASA 16/10/90), 1990, citing unofficial sources · Prisoners · Political arrests after the September 1988 coup (1988-1989) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Myanmar: Torture and ill-treatment of political prisoners and ethnic minorities' (AI Index ASA 16/24/00), December 2000 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Political prisoners held by SPDC, 2000; Deaths of political prisoners in custody since 1988 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Myanmar: Twenty years on, more than 2,000 political prisoners', press release, 3 August 2008 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held by SPDC, 2008 link
  • Amnesty International, 'No moving backwards for Myanmar', 8 August 2008 · State killings · 1988 pro-democracy uprising crackdown (March-September 1988) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Union of Myanmar (Burma): Arrests and trials of political prisoners January-July 1991' (AI Index ASA 16/10/91), December 1991 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held by SLORC, 1991 link
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) (2026). Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup, 1 October 2026. · Prisoners · Post-2021 coup political arrests link
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) (AAPP). Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup, 26 Nov 2025. · Prisoners · Post-2021 coup political arrests link
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), 'Burma's Prisons and Labour Camps: Silent Killing Fields', May 2009, as cited in FIDH, 'Burma/Myanmar: International crimes committed in Burma: the urgent need for a Commission of Inquiry', August 2009, p. 11 · Custody deaths · Deaths of political prisoners in custody since 1988 link
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), 'Monthly Chronology of Burma's Political Prisoners for September 2009' · Prisoners · Political prisoners held by SPDC, 2009 link
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup, 30 September 2026 · State killings · Post-2021 coup killings by the junta and pro-military groups link
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup, 6 June 2025 · Custody deaths · Post-2021 coup deaths in military custody link
  • Burmese authorities' official count, as reported by Associated Press / Chicago Tribune, 26 September 1988, and Ottawa Citizen, 24 September 1988; seen on Wikipedia '8888 Uprising' · State killings · 1988 pro-democracy uprising crackdown (March-September 1988) link
  • Burmese government report, as cited by Mya Maung, The Burma Road to Poverty (1991), quoted on Wikipedia 'U Thant funeral crisis' · Prisoners · December 1974 U Thant funeral crisis crackdown link
  • Democratic Voice of Burma (Oslo-based exile broadcaster), late 2007 estimate, as quoted in Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 'Monks Rising' · State killings · September 2007 Saffron Revolution crackdown link
  • Democratic Voice of Burma, 'Commemorating 63 years since the 7 July Student Uprising in Myanmar', 7 July 2025, citing unofficial sources · State killings · 7 July 1962 Rangoon University shooting link
  • FIDH, 'Burma/Myanmar: International crimes committed in Burma: the urgent need for a Commission of Inquiry', August 2009, p. 11, citing independent sources and the Ad Hoc Commission victim list · State killings · 30 May 2003 Depayin massacre of NLD convoy link
  • Government of Myanmar, reply to the UN Special Rapporteur, November 2007, in Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, A/HRC/6/14, 7 December 2007, para. 31 · State killings · September 2007 Saffron Revolution crackdown link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh: Still No Durable Solution', Vol. 12, No. 3(C), May 2000, Historical Background · Deportations · 1991-92 Rohingya expulsion to Bangladesh; 1978 Operation Nagamin (Dragon King) Rohingya exodus to Bangladesh link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Crackdown: Repression of the 2007 Popular Protests in Burma', 6 December 2007 (background section on 1988) · State killings · 1988 pro-democracy uprising crackdown (March-September 1988) link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Myanmar Junta Executes Four', 25 July 2022 · Executions · July 2022 executions of four democracy activists link
  • Human Rights Watch/Asia, 'Burma: The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a Cycle of Exodus?', Vol. 8, No. 9(C), September 1996, Historical Background · Deportations · 1991-92 Rohingya expulsion to Bangladesh link
  • Justin Wintle, Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007), as cited on Wikipedia '8888 Uprising' · State killings · 1988 pro-democracy uprising crackdown (March-September 1988) link
  • Myanmar Minister of Home Affairs to the UN Special Rapporteur, November 2007, in Pinheiro, A/HRC/6/14, 7 December 2007, para. 42 · Prisoners · September 2007 Saffron Revolution crackdown link
  • Official Burmese government statement of July 1962, as quoted in Renaud Egreteau, 'Burma (Myanmar) 1930-2007', Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (Sciences Po), 2009 · State killings · 7 July 1962 Rangoon University shooting link
  • Opposition figure U Aung Gyi, 1988, as quoted in Renaud Egreteau, 'The repression of the August 8-12 1988 (8-8-88) uprising in Burma/Myanmar', Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (Sciences Po) · State killings · 1988 pro-democracy uprising crackdown (March-September 1988) link
  • Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, A/HRC/6/14, 7 December 2007, para. 41 · Prisoners · September 2007 Saffron Revolution crackdown link
  • Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, A/HRC/6/14, 7 December 2007, paras. 31-32 · State killings · September 2007 Saffron Revolution crackdown link
  • Renaud Egreteau, 'Burma (Myanmar) 1930-2007', Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (Sciences Po), 2009, entry for 11 December 1974 · State killings · December 1974 U Thant funeral crisis crackdown link
  • SLORC acknowledgement, as reported in Amnesty International, 'Myanmar: Prisoners of Conscience, Torture, Summary Trials under Martial Law' (AI Index ASA 16/10/90), 1990 · Prisoners · Political arrests after the September 1988 coup (1988-1989) link
  • SPDC officials, 31 May 2003, as quoted in FIDH, 'Burma/Myanmar: International crimes committed in Burma', August 2009, p. 11 · State killings · 30 May 2003 Depayin massacre of NLD convoy link
  • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 'Situation of human rights in Myanmar', A/HRC/57/56 (advance unedited version), 4 September 2024, para. 8 · State killings · Post-2021 coup killings by the junta and pro-military groups link
  • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 'Situation of human rights in Myanmar', A/HRC/57/56 (advance unedited version), 4 September 2024, paras. 35-36 · Custody deaths · Post-2021 coup deaths in military custody link
▶N. CyprusUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶NamibiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Faber-Jonker, Leonor (2023). ''Rivers of Blood and Rivers of Money': The Herero and Nama Genocides in German Southwest Africa, 1904-1908'. In: Blackhawk, Ned; Kiernan, Ben; Madley, Benjamin; Taylor, Rebe (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Genocide, Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ch. 26, pp. 634-656. · Civilian deaths · Herero and Nama genocide link
▶NepalUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶NetherlandsUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Government records · Civilian deaths, excess deathsHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, wounded

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (1948). 'Oorlogsverliezen 1940-1945'. Maandschrift van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, p. 749; table reproduced in Garssen, Joop; Harmsen, Carel (2007). '210 duizend oorlogsslachtoffers'. Bevolkingstrends 55(4): 53-55 (table 'Oorlogsverliezen 1940-1945', p. 54). The Hague/Voorburg: CBS. · Civilian deaths, excess deaths · World War II: Dutch civilians killed by acts of war; World War II: Dutch civilians executed and 2 more link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
▶New ZealandGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 1, Table (i)(a), p. 237. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • Manatū Taonga - Ministry for Culture and Heritage (n.d.). The Vietnam War. NZHistory. Wellington: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. · Wounded, military deaths · Vietnam War link
  • UK Parliament (1945). British Empire War Casualties: written answer by the Prime Minister (C. Attlee). House of Commons Debates, 29 November 1945, vol 416, cc1735-6W (tabular statement of casualties to all ranks of the armed forces of the British Commonwealth and Empire, 3 Sep 1939 - 14 Aug 1945). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶NicaraguaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsInternational bodies · Prisoners, state killings, deportationsNews media · Deportations, state killingsClaims by a party · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (28)

  • Americas Watch, Human Rights in Nicaragua 1986 (February 1987), as quoted in 'Nicaragua: An Exchange', New York Review of Books, 21 January 1988 · Prisoners · Security-related prisoners in Sandinista Nicaragua (1986) link
  • Comité Pro Libertad de Presas y Presos Políticos, as reported by La Silla Rota / EFE, 'Liberan a 50 presos políticos en Nicaragua', 15 March 2019 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Confidencial, 'Despojan de nacionalidad y derechos ciudadanos y confiscan a 94 nicaragüenses', 15 February 2023 · Deportations · Denationalisation of 94 Nicaraguans in absentia (15 February 2023) link
  • Confidencial, 'Dictadura excarcela a 222 presos políticos en la madrugada y los destierra a Estados Unidos', 9 February 2023 · Deportations · Expulsion and denationalisation of 222 political prisoners to the United States (9 February 2023) link
  • Confidencial, 'Los entregaron muertos: los presos políticos fallecidos bajo custodia de la dictadura', 26 August 2025 (updated 30 August 2025) · Custody deaths · Deaths of political prisoners in state custody in Nicaragua since 2019 link
  • David Haward Bain, 'The Man Who Made the Yanquis Go Home', American Heritage vol. 36 no. 5 (Aug/Sep 1985) · State killings · Wiwilí massacre of Sandino's disarmed followers (February 1934) link
  • Grupo Interdisciplinario de Expertos Independientes (GIEI) Nicaragua, Informe sobre los hechos de violencia ocurridos entre el 18 de abril y el 30 de mayo de 2018, Resumen Ejecutivo, 21 December 2018 · State killings, prisoners · 2018 protest crackdown in Nicaragua link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Nicaragua: Trumped-Up Charges Against Critics', 20 September 2021 · Prisoners · Pre-election arrests of presidential candidates and opposition figures (May-September 2021) link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2021). IACHR Updates Death Toll Records of Human Rights Crisis that Started in April 2018 in Nicaragua. Press release 302/21, 15 Nov 2021. Washington, DC: OAS. · State killings · 2018 protest crackdown in Nicaragua link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Nicaragua, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.45 doc. 18 rev. 1 (17 November 1978), Introduction · State killings · National Guard counter-insurgency against peasants in northern Nicaragua (1975-1977) link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Nicaragua, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.53 doc. 25 (30 June 1981), Chapter IV · Prisoners · Former National Guard members and Somocistas held and tried by the Special Tribunals (1979-1981) link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Nicaragua, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.53 doc. 25 (30 June 1981), Conclusions · Prisoners · Former National Guard members and Somocistas held and tried by the Special Tribunals (1979-1981) link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.62 doc. 10 rev. 3 (29 November 1983), Part II · Deportations, prisoners · Forced relocation of Miskitos from the Coco and Bocay rivers to Jinotega (1982); Miskito detainees held by the Sandinista government (1983) link
  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.62 doc. 10 rev. 3 (29 November 1983), Part II.B · Deportations · Forced relocation of Miskito villages from the Coco River to Tasba Pri (January-February 1982) link
  • La Prensa (Nicaragua), 'Dictadura excarcela a 135 presos políticos y los destierra a Guatemala', 5 September 2024 · Deportations · Expulsion of 135 political prisoners to Guatemala (5 September 2024) link
  • Lino Hernández, Permanent Commission on Human Rights (CPDH), as quoted in 'Nicaragua: An Exchange', New York Review of Books, 21 January 1988 · Prisoners · Security-related prisoners in Sandinista Nicaragua (1986) link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Politicas (presasypresospoliticosnicaragua.org), as reported in Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Nicaragua. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, cumulative recognitions since 2018, as reported by Confidencial, 'Unos salen, otros entran: la lista de presos políticos en Nicaragua no para de crecer' (January 2026) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, December 2021 list, as reported by Artículo 66 / EFE, 'Presos políticos aumentan a 170 en Nicaragua, según ONG', 3 January 2022 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, list to 31 December 2023, as reported by Infobae, 'Nicaragua cerró 2023 con 119 presos políticos', 9 January 2024 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, list to 31 July 2024, as reported by La Prensa, 'Dictadura excarcela a 135 presos políticos y los destierra a Guatemala', 5 September 2024 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, list to 31 May 2026, as reported by Infobae, 'Régimen de Ortega y Murillo mantiene en la cárcel a 46 opositores y críticos', 9 June 2026 · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, report to 31 May 2026, as reported by swissinfo/EFE, 'Nueve opositores presos murieron bajo custodia del Estado en Nicaragua, denuncia organismo', 9 June 2026 · Custody deaths · Deaths of political prisoners in state custody in Nicaragua since 2019 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, September 2022 list, as compiled by Confidencial, '2022: el año con más presos políticos desde la Rebelión de Abril de 2018' (23 October 2022) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • Mecanismo para el Reconocimiento de Personas Presas Políticas, year-end lists, as compiled by Confidencial, '2022: el año con más presos políticos desde la Rebelión de Abril de 2018' (23 October 2022) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • TIME, 'Nicaragua: Somoza's Reign of Terror', 14 March 1977 · State killings · Varilla village massacre by the National Guard, Zelaya (1977) link
  • UN Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua (GHREN), September 2025, as quoted by Confidencial, 'Los presos políticos de Nicaragua: una lista que nunca queda vacía' (5 September 2025) · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Nicaragua since 2018 link
  • UN Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua, 'Anatomy of State Cruelty: Enforced Disappearance and Death in Custody in Nicaragua' (September 2026), as reported by Confidencial (English), 22 September 2026 · Custody deaths · Deaths of political prisoners in state custody in Nicaragua since 2019 link
▶NigerUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶NigeriaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (2018). 'The Nigeria-Biafra War: Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide'. In: Moses, A. Dirk; Heerten, Lasse (eds.), Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide: The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970. New York: Routledge, ch. 1 (augmented version of Journal of Genocide Research 16(2-3): 169-203, 2014). · Excess deaths · Nigerian Civil War (Biafra): deaths, mostly from famine link
▶North KoreaPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, executions, deportationsHistorians and scholars · Famine deaths, executions, woundedGovernment records · Executions, civilian deathsInternational bodies · Prisoners, custody deathsNews media · Executions, prisoners, custody deathsOther works · PrisonersAcademic datasets · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (27)

  • Amnesty International, 'New satellite images show scale of North Korea's repressive prison camps', 5 December 2013 · Prisoners · Kwanliso 15 (Yodok) population, 2011; Kwanliso 16 (Hwasong) population, 2011 link
  • Amnesty International, 'North Korea: Images reveal scale of political prison camps', press release, 3 May 2011 · Prisoners · Political prison camps (kwanliso): population 2011 (Amnesty International estimate) link
  • Andrei Lankov, Crisis in North Korea: The Failure of De-Stalinization, 1956 (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2005), pp. 171-172, citing Soviet embassy records of briefings by Interior Minister Pang Hak-se (1959-60) · Executions · Secret trial and execution of the August 1956 'factionalists' (Pak Chang-ok, Choe Chang-ik and others), 1959-60 link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 664 ('The Toll of the Korean War', citing U.S. Department of Defense figures). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • Daily NK, 'Most N. Korean defectors repatriated last year are still in re-education camps', 17 April 2024 (in-country sources) · Prisoners, custody deaths · Detention of North Koreans forcibly repatriated from China, October 2023 link
  • Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (NKDB), White Paper on North Korean Human Rights 2009 (Seoul, 31 May 2009), as cited in Wikipedia, 'Capital punishment in North Korea' · Executions · Executions recorded in defector testimony through 2009 (NKDB database) link
  • David Hawk, The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps (U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2003), testimony of Former Prisoner #6 · Custody deaths · Deaths at Kyo-hwa-so No. 77 (Danchun gold-mining penitentiary), late 1980s link
  • David Hawk, The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps (Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2003), Part One, n. 16 · Prisoners · Political prison camps (kwanliso): population in the 1990s (defector-official estimates) link
  • DPRK statement to the UN Human Rights Committee, October 2001, as reported in UN COI detailed findings A/HRC/25/CRP.1 (2014), cited in Wikipedia, 'Capital punishment in North Korea' · Executions · Judicial executions 1998-2001, DPRK government claim to the UN Human Rights Committee link
  • Goodkind, Daniel; West, Loraine (2001). The North Korean Famine and Its Demographic Impact. Population and Development Review 27(2): 219-238. · Famine deaths · North Korean famine (Arduous March) link
  • Goodkind, Daniel; West, Loraine; Johnson, Peter (2011). A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993-2008. Paper presented at the Population Association of America Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 31 March - 2 April 2011. · Famine deaths · North Korean famine (Arduous March) link
  • Hawk, David (2012). The Hidden Gulag: The Lives and Voices of 'Those Who Are Sent to the Mountains'. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, pp. viii, 27. · Prisoners · Political prison camps (kwanliso) link
  • Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU), report of 30 September 2012, as quoted in David Hawk, North Korea's Hidden Gulag: Interpreting Reports of Changes in the Prison Camps (HRNK, 2013), pp. 33-37 · Prisoners · Political prison camps (kwanliso): population c. 2010 (satellite-based estimate) link
  • Li Sangjo (DPRK Ambassador to the USSR), letter to the KWP Central Committee, October 1956, Russian summary 'Brief description of the letter of Cde. Li Sangjo' (RGANI), translated in Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 (2008), 'New Evidence on North Korea in 1956', Document No. 21 · Prisoners · Political imprisonment under Kim Il Sung before the August 1956 Plenum link
  • Republic of Korea National Intelligence Service (NIS) briefing to the National Assembly, reported by Yonhap, May 2015; seen in France 24 / AFP, 'North Korea executes defence chief', 13 May 2015 · Executions · Kim Jong Un's purge of senior officials (incl. Jang Song-thaek, Dec 2013), South Korean NIS estimate link
  • Robert Collins, Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System (HRNK, 2012), pp. 21-22, citing Lee Song Ro, North Korea's Societal Inequality Structure, pp. 72-73 · Deportations · Party Intensive Guidance / songbun classification campaign, 1958-60 (hostile-class purge) link
  • Robert Collins, Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System (Washington, DC: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012), pp. 21-22, citing Lee Song Ro, North Korea's Societal Inequality Structure, pp. 72-73 · Prisoners · Party Intensive Guidance / songbun classification campaign, 1958-60 (hostile-class purge) link
  • Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993-2008. Population and Development Review 38(1): 133-158. · Famine deaths · North Korean famine (Arduous March) link
  • The Korea Herald / Yonhap, 'All relatives of Jang executed too: sources', 26 January 2014 (anonymous sources) · Executions · Execution of Jang Song-thaek and his relatives, December 2013 link
  • Transitional Justice Working Group, Mapping Killings under Kim Jong-un: North Korea's Response to International Pressure (Seoul, 16 December 2021), based on 683 escapee interviews · Executions · Executions under Kim Jong Un documented by the Transitional Justice Working Group link
  • Transitional Justice Working Group, Mapping North Korea's Executions Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic (Seoul, 28 April 2026), as reported by UPI, 28 April 2026 · Executions · Executions under Kim Jong Un documented by the Transitional Justice Working Group; Executions during the 2020-24 'anti-reactionary thought' crackdown (TJWG count) link
  • UN Human Rights Council (2014). Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. A/HRC/25/63, para. 61 (and detailed findings A/HRC/25/CRP.1). · Prisoners · Political prison camps (kwanliso) link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, A/HRC/25/63 (7 February 2014), para. 60 · Custody deaths · Deaths in the political prison camps (kwanliso) over five decades, UN COI estimate link
  • UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the DPRK, A/HRC/25/CRP.1 (7 February 2014), para. 749, as cited in Wikipedia, 'Kwalliso' · Prisoners · Political prison camps (kwanliso): early population estimate, 1982 link
  • US Department of State (2024). 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: North Korea. Washington, DC: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. · Prisoners · North Korean political prison camps (kwanliso) link
  • Wilson Center, Cold War International History Project (2001). 'New Evidence on North Korean War Losses', 1 August 2001 (report of Soviet ambassador and chief military adviser Lt.-Gen. V. N. Razuvaev, compiled by the ROK Institute of Military History). · Civilian deaths · Korean War: North Korean civilians killed in UN bombing link
  • Zheng Jinxi (2010) and Andrei Lankov, From Stalin to Kim Il Sung (2002), p. 100, as cited in Wikipedia, 'Pak Hon-yong and Yi Sung-yop spy case' · Executions · Purge of the domestic (South Korean Workers' Party) faction: Yi Sung-yop show trial, August 1953 link
▶NorwayCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶OmanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶PakistanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deathsGovernment records · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 605 (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, 'Total Casualties'), via Google Books search-inside. · Wounded, military deaths · Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 link
  • Islamabad Inspector General of Police Ali Nasir Rizvi, as reported in Dawn (2024). PTI protest: Amnesty demands transparent investigation into 'deadly crackdown' as 954 arrested. · Prisoners · Crackdown on PTI protests since 2023 link
▶PanamaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶Papua New GuineaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶ParaguayUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Wounded, military deathsGovernment records · State killings, prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 385 (Chaco War). · Wounded, military deaths · Chaco War link
  • Comision de Verdad y Justicia (2008). Anive hagua oiko: Informe Final. Conclusiones y recomendaciones. Asuncion: CVJ, para. 64 and table, p. 29. · State killings, prisoners · Repression under Stroessner link
▶PeruUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶PhilippinesUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, excess deathsGovernment records · Wounded, state killingsInternational bodies · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (7)

  • Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, p. 94. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Filipino civilians massacred or died in forced labour
  • Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, p. 97. · Civilian deaths · Manila massacre, February 1945
  • Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, pp. 143-144. · Excess deaths · World War II: Philippine war-related famine and disease deaths
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, #RealNumbersPH (to 31 May 2022), as reported in Human Rights Watch (2023). World Report 2023: Philippines. New York: Human Rights Watch. · State killings · Philippine 'war on drugs' killings link
  • Ramsey, Robert D. III (2007). Savage Wars of Peace: Case Studies of Pacification in the Philippines, 1900-1902. Long War Series Occasional Paper 24. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, p. 103. · Excess deaths, civilian deaths · Philippine-American War: civilian deaths; Philippine-American War: Filipinos killed as a direct result of the war (besides insurgents) link
  • UN Human Rights Council (2020). Situation of human rights in the Philippines: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/44/22, 29 June 2020 (para. 22). · State killings · Philippine 'war on drugs' killings link
▶PolandUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedOther works · Civilian deathsGovernment records · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (6)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Gawryszewski, Andrzej (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Monografie 5. Warsaw: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN, p. 91. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Polish citizens killed, within Poland's post-1945 borders link
  • Materski, Wojciech; Szarota, Tomasz (eds.) (2009). Polska 1939-1945: Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Warsaw: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, p. 9. · Civilian deaths · World War II: all Polish citizens' deaths (Jewish and non-Jewish)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (n.d.). 'Polish Victims'. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Washington, DC: USHMM. · Civilian deaths · World War II: non-Jewish Polish civilians killed under German occupation link
▶PortugalGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths, prisoners

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Comissao Comemorativa 50 Anos 25 de Abril (2024). Os presos politicos em Portugal, drawing on the Comissao do Livro Negro sobre o Regime Fascista and Pimentel, Irene Flunser (2007). A Historia da PIDE. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores/Temas e Debates. · Prisoners · Political imprisonment by the PVDE/PIDE/DGS link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 352 (Portugal, casualties to 1 January 1920). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
▶QatarUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶RomaniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, woundedOther works · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2018). 'Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country'. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Washington, DC: USHMM. · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered link
▶RussiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Deportations, wounded, custody deathsHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, excess deathsMilitary records · Wounded, military deathsRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsClaims by a party · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (38)

  • 1953 statistical report on NKVD cases (arrests 1937-1938), as cited in Getty, Rittersporn and Zemskov (1993), American Historical Review 98(4): 1017-1049 (p. 1022). · Prisoners · Great Terror (NKVD mass operations) link
  • 1953 statistical report on persons convicted in NKVD cases (GARF f.9401, op.1, d.4157), as cited in Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Viktor N. (1993). Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years. American Historical Review 98(4): 1017-1049 (pp. 1022-1023). · Executions · Great Terror (NKVD mass operations) link
  • Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag. New Haven: Yale University Press. · Custody deaths · Gulag camps and colonies
  • Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag: A History. New York: Doubleday. · Prisoners · Gulag camps and colonies link
  • Conquest, Robert (1990). The Great Terror: A Reassessment. New York: Oxford University Press. · Executions · Great Terror (NKVD mass operations)
  • Ellman, Michael (2000). The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines. Cambridge Journal of Economics 24(5): 603-630. · Famine deaths · Soviet famine of 1946-47 link
  • Ellman, Michael (2002). Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments. Europe-Asia Studies 54(7): 1151-1172 (p. 1170, n. 75, citing Kokurin & Morukov 2000). · Custody deaths · Gulag camps and colonies link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, p. 18. · Civilian deaths, excess deaths · World War I: Russian civilians killed by military operations; World War I: Russian civilian deaths from famine and disease
  • Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Viktor N. (1993). Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. American Historical Review 98(4): 1017-1049 (p. 1024). · Custody deaths · Gulag camps and colonies link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 353 (Russia: telegram from Petrograd to Copenhagen, 20 December 1918). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, ch. I, Table 37 'Losses of the Russian army and navy in the war with Japan'. · Military deaths · Russo-Japanese War link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, ch. I, text following Table 37. · Wounded · Russo-Japanese War link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, ch. V, section 'Sanitary losses' and Table 133 (total row). · Wounded · World War II link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, ch. V, Tables 120-121 and concluding Table 229. · Military deaths · World War II link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, section 'War in Afghanistan (25 December 1979 - 15 February 1989)', Table 213. · Military deaths · Soviet-Afghan War link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, section 'War in Afghanistan (25 December 1979 - 15 February 1989)', Table 214. · Wounded · Soviet-Afghan War link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 52 'Irrecoverable demographic losses of the Russian army in the war of 1914-1918'. · Military deaths · World War I link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Leggett, George (1981). The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 359-360. · Civilian deaths · Russian Civil War: Red Terror (Cheka executions)
  • Memorial (Support for Political Prisoners. Memorial), as reported in Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Russia. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Russia link
  • Memorial political prisoners support project, as reported in Human Rights Watch (2025). World Report 2025: Russia. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Russia link
  • MVD archival statistics compiled by V. N. Zemskov, as tabulated in Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Viktor N. (1993). Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. American Historical Review 98(4): 1017-1049 (Appendix (b), p. 1049). · Prisoners · Gulag camps and colonies link
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • NKVD data compiled by V. N. Zemskov (Spetsposelentsy, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia 1990 no. 11), as cited in Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Viktor N. (1993). American Historical Review 98(4): 1017-1049 (p. 1024). · Custody deaths · Dekulakization deportations link
  • NKVD figures as compiled in Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. · Deportations · Deportation of Soviet Germans
  • NKVD figures as compiled in Polian, Pavel (2001). Ne po svoei vole: Istoriia i geografiia prinuditel'nykh migratsii v SSSR. Moscow: OGI-Memorial, p. 113 (English: Against Their Will, Budapest: CEU Press, 2004). · Deportations · Deportation of Soviet Germans link
  • NKVD figures as compiled in Polian, Pavel (2001). Ne po svoei vole: Istoriia i geografiia prinuditel'nykh migratsii v SSSR. Moscow: OGI-Memorial, p. 122 (English: Against Their Will, Budapest: CEU Press, 2004). · Deportations · Deportation of Chechens and Ingush (Operation Lentil) link
  • NKVD records, as cited in Helsinki Watch (1991). Punished Peoples of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations. New York: Human Rights Watch (Table 2); also Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. · Deportations · Deportation of the Kalmyks (Operation Ulusy) link
  • Oliynyk, T. (2025). Zelenskyy: Over 45,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed in war against Russia. Ukrainska Pravda, 4 February 2025 (quoting President Zelenskyy's interview with Piers Morgan). · Wounded, military deaths · Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-) link
  • Soviet archival data (as reported by Vera Tolz, 1991), tabulated in Helsinki Watch (1991). 'Punished Peoples' of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations. New York: Human Rights Watch, p. 9, Table 3. · Custody deaths · Deportation of Chechens and Ingush (Operation Lentil)
  • Support for Political Prisoners. Memorial (2025), list of people who died in custody since 2009, as reported in Novaya Gazeta Europe (29 Oct 2025). Memorial names the 49 political prisoners who have died in Russian custody since 2009. · Custody deaths · Political prisoners in Russia link
  • The New York Times (2023). Troop deaths and injuries in Ukraine war near 500,000, U.S. officials say. The New York Times, 18 August 2023 (estimates by unnamed U.S. officials). · Wounded, military deaths · Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-) link
  • Tsentral'noe statisticheskoe upravlenie (1925). Rossiya v mirovoy voyne 1914-1918 goda (v tsifrakh). Moscow: TsSU, pp. 4, 25 (as cited in Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, note to Table 52.) · Wounded · World War I link
  • Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow: Progress, pp. 267-268. · Excess deaths · World War I: Russian civilian deaths from wartime privation
  • Wolowyna, Oleh (2021). A Demographic Framework for the 1932-1934 Famine in the Soviet Union. Journal of Genocide Research 23(4): 501-526. · Famine deaths · Soviet famine of 1932-34 (all-USSR) link
  • Zemskov, V. N. (1990). Spetsposelentsy (po dokumentatsii NKVD-MVD SSSR). Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia 11: 3-17; see also Viola, Lynne (2007). The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements. New York: Oxford University Press. · Deportations · Dekulakization deportations
▶RwandaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisoners, executionsGovernment records · Civilian deaths, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, state killingsOther works · Custody deathsMilitary records · State killingsInternational bodies · State killingsNews media · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (23)

  • Africa Watch (Human Rights Watch), 'Beyond the Rhetoric: Continuing Human Rights Abuses in Rwanda', June 1993, pp. 1 and 5 · State killings · Militia massacres of Tutsi in Gisenyi and Kibuye prefectures, 21-26 January 1993 link
  • Africa Watch (Human Rights Watch), 'Beyond the Rhetoric: Continuing Human Rights Abuses in Rwanda', News from Africa Watch vol. 5 no. 7, June 1993, p. 2 · State killings · December 1963 - January 1964 reprisal massacres of Tutsi after the Bugesera invasion link
  • Alison Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (Human Rights Watch / FIDH, March 1999), chapter 'History' · State killings, deportations, prisoners · Anti-Tutsi violence of the Hutu revolution and its aftermath, 1959-1967; Mass arrests of suspected RPF 'accomplices', mostly Tutsi, after the 1 October 1990 invasion and 1 more link
  • Amnesty International, 'Rwanda: The troubled course of justice', AI Index AFR 47/10/00, April 2000, p. 4 · Executions · Public executions of genocide convicts, 24 April 1998 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Rwanda: The troubled course of justice', AI Index AFR 47/10/00, April 2000, pp. 2 and 13 · Prisoners · Mass detention of genocide suspects awaiting trial, 1994-2000 link
  • Australian War Memorial, 'Remembering the Kibeho massacre' (Sutton, 21 April 2020), citing the count by Australian UNAMIR medical/infantry personnel · State killings · Kibeho displaced-persons camp killings by the RPA, 22 April 1995 link
  • Des Forges, Alison (1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Civilian deaths · Rwandan genocide 1994 link
  • Emmanuel Viret, 'Rwanda - A Chronology (1867-1994)', Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (Sciences Po), citing Filip Reyntjens · State killings · December 1963 - January 1964 reprisal massacres of Tutsi after the Bugesera invasion link
  • Human Rights Watch World Report 1992, Rwanda chapter · State killings · Massacres of Bagogwe Tutsi in the northwest, January-March 1991 link
  • Human Rights Watch World Report 1996, Rwanda chapter (events of 1995) · Custody deaths, prisoners · Deaths in overcrowded Rwandan prisons and cachots, 1994-1995; Mass detention of genocide suspects awaiting trial, 1994-2000 and 1 more link
  • Human Rights Watch World Report 1998, Rwanda chapter (events of 1997) · Prisoners, state killings · Mass detention of genocide suspects awaiting trial, 1994-2000; Killings of civilians during the northwest counter-insurgency, 1997 link
  • Human Rights Watch, '"All Thieves Must Be Killed": Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwanda', 14 July 2017 · Executions · Extrajudicial executions of suspected petty offenders in Rutsiro and Rubavu districts, 2016-2017 link
  • Human Rights Watch, '"Why Not Call This Place a Prison?": Unlawful Detention and Ill-Treatment in Rwanda's Gikondo Transit Center', 24 September 2015 · Prisoners · Arbitrary detention at Gikondo 'transit centre', Kigali, 2011-2015 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda's Community-Based Gacaca Courts', 31 May 2011 · Prisoners · Mass detention of genocide suspects awaiting trial, 1994-2000 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of Rwanda', 18 July 2025 · Prisoners · Imprisonment of Dalfa-Umurinzi (ex-FDU-Inkingi) opposition members, 2021-2025 link
  • International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda since 1 October 1990 (Africa Watch, FIDH, UIDH, ICHRDD), report of 8 March 1993, as summarised in Africa Watch, 'Beyond the Rhetoric', June 1993, p. 3 · State killings · Killings of Tutsi and opposition civilians by the Rwandan state and party militia, October 1990 - January 1993 link
  • Jeffrey Gettleman, 'Island of No Return mars Rwandan utopia', New York Times via NBC News, 1 May 2010 · Prisoners · Round-ups of street people sent without trial to Iwawa island, 2010 link
  • Prunier, Gerard (1995). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. London: Hurst (1999 ed.), p. 56. · Civilian deaths · Rwanda: massacre of Tutsi after the Bugesera incursion, Dec 1963 - Jan 1964
  • Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Local Administration (MINALOC) (2002). Denombrement des victimes du genocide, as cited in Lemarchand, Rene (2013), 'Rwanda: the state of research', Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, Sciences Po, 27 May 2013. · Civilian deaths · Rwandan genocide 1994 link
  • Rwandan government figure acknowledged by mid-April 1991, as reported in Human Rights Watch World Report 1992, Rwanda chapter · Prisoners · Mass arrests of suspected RPF 'accomplices', mostly Tutsi, after the 1 October 1990 invasion link
  • Rwandan government official figure (bodies exhumed 27 April 1995), as recorded in Medecins Sans Frontieres, 'Report on events in Kibeho camp, April 1995', Kigali, 16 May 1995 · State killings · Kibeho displaced-persons camp killings by the RPA, 22 April 1995 link
  • U.S. Department of State, Rwanda Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 26 February 1999) · Custody deaths · Deaths in overcrowded Rwandan prisons and cachots, 1998 link
  • United Nations revised estimate, as reported in Human Rights Watch World Report 1996, Rwanda chapter · State killings · Kibeho displaced-persons camp killings by the RPA, 22 April 1995 link
▶S. SudanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Excess deathsHistorians and scholars · Excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Keen, David (1994). The Benefits of Famine: A Political Economy of Famine and Relief in Southwestern Sudan, 1983-1989. Princeton: Princeton University Press. · Excess deaths · Bahr el Ghazal famine 1988 (Second Sudanese Civil War)
  • U.S. Committee for Refugees (2001). 'Crisis in Sudan' (campaign page, April 2001). Washington, DC: USCR. · Excess deaths · Second Sudanese Civil War: deaths in southern Sudan and Nuba link
▶Saudi ArabiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Executions, prisoners, state killingsHistorians and scholars · State killings, prisoners, deportationsNews media · State killingsOther works · ExecutionsInternational bodies · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (27)

  • Agnes Callamard, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, report A/HRC/41/36 (summarising inquiry A/HRC/41/CRP.1), June 2019, paras 5-6 · State killings · Killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate, Istanbul, 2 October 2018 link
  • ALQST for Human Rights, 'Shrouded in Secrecy: Prisons and Detention Centres in Saudi Arabia', 27 July 2021 · Custody deaths · Death in custody of human rights activist Abdullah al-Hamid, April 2020 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death penalty 2019: Saudi Arabia executed record number of people last year amid decline in global executions', news, 21 April 2020 · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2018; Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2019 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2015', ACT 50/3487/2016, April 2016, Middle East and North Africa chapter · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2015 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2023', ACT 50/7952/2024, May 2024 (196 to 172 comparison); also Amnesty news 28 September 2024 · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2022 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2023', ACT 50/7952/2024, May 2024, Middle East and North Africa chapter · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2023 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Saudi Arabia: 37 put to death in shocking execution spree', news, 23 April 2019 · Executions · Mass execution of 37, 23 April 2019 (mostly Shia men) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Saudi Arabia: Mass execution of 81 men shows urgent need to abolish the death penalty', news, 15 March 2022 · Executions · Mass execution of 81, 12 March 2022 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Saudi Arabia: Wave of arrests targets last vestiges of freedom of expression', press release, 15 September 2017 · Prisoners · September 2017 wave of arrests link
  • Amnesty International, 'Saudi demonstration highlights year of failure to investigate protest deaths', news, November 2012 · State killings · Protesters killed by security forces in the Eastern Province, Nov 2011-Nov 2012 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Shia cleric among 47 executed by Saudi Arabia in a single day', press release, 2 January 2016 · Executions · Mass execution of 47 including Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, 2 January 2016 link
  • Committee to Protect Journalists (2026). 2025 journalist jailings remain stubbornly high; harsh prison conditions pervasive. Prison census as of 1 December 2025. New York: CPJ. · Prisoners · Jailed journalists (CPJ prison census) link
  • Erving E. Beauregard, 'Saudi Arabia Beheads Sixty-Three Persons for Attack on Mecca', EBSCO Research Starters, 2021 (reference encyclopedia entry); AP wire of 10 January 1980 as cited by Wikipedia · Executions · Execution of Grand Mosque seizure participants, 9 January 1980 link
  • European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights (ESOHR), 'Qatif, a mirror of repression: 40% of Saudi political executions from one city', 20 March 2024 · Executions · Political executions of people from Qatif, January 2016 to February 2024 link
  • Frederic Wehrey, 'The Forgotten Uprising in Eastern Saudi Arabia', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 14 June 2013 · State killings, prisoners · Young men killed by security forces in the Eastern Province, 2011-2013; Protesters detained in Qatif during 2011-2012 unrest link
  • Gregory D. Johnsen, 'Foreign Actors in Yemen: The History, the Politics and the Future', Sana'a Center for Strategic Studies, January 2021 · Deportations · Expulsion of Yemeni workers from Saudi Arabia, 1990 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Saudi Arabia: New Mass Corruption Arrests', 17 March 2020, quoting the royal court statement of 31 January 2018 · Prisoners · Ritz-Carlton 'anti-corruption' detentions, November 2017-January 2018 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Saudi Arabia: Sweeping Injustices', 31 January 2013 · State killings · Protesters killed by security forces in the Eastern Province (Qatif/Awamiyah), 2011-2012 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights Advocates Arrested', 18 May 2018 · Prisoners · Detention of women's rights defenders, May 2018 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'The High Cost of Change: Repression Under Saudi Crown Prince Tarnishes Reforms', 4 November 2019 · Prisoners · September 2017 wave of arrests of clerics, intellectuals and activists; 2018 wave of arrests of women's rights activists link
  • Jay Peterzell, 'The Gulf: Shi'ites: Poorer Cousins', TIME, 24 September 1990 · State killings · Killing of Shia Ashura demonstrators in Qatif, November 1979 (Muharram intifada) link
  • Reprieve (2026). The Saudi regime executed at least 356 people in 2025 - the most ever in the modern era. · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2025 link
  • Reprieve and ESOHR, 'Bloodshed and Lies: Mohammed bin Salman's Kingdom of Executions', 31 January 2023, Executive Summary · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2022 link
  • Reprieve and European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights (ESOHR), 'Bloodshed and Lies: Mohammed bin Salman's Kingdom of Executions', 31 January 2023, section 1.3 chart 'Total executions in Saudi Arabia, 2010-2021', p. 7 · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2010; Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2011 and 10 more link
  • Reprieve monitoring of Saudi executions (2024 total), as stated in Reprieve (2026, 6 Jan). The Saudi regime executed at least 356 people in 2025 - the most ever in the modern era; also reported by CNN (2024, 25 Dec). · Executions · Executions in Saudi Arabia, 2024 link
  • Residents speaking to Reuters, as reported in Middle East Eye, "'This is not Aleppo': Shock at extent of destruction of Saudi Shia town", 14 August 2017 · State killings · Civilians killed during the security operation and siege of Awamiyah, May-August 2017 link
  • Thomas B. Stevenson, 'Yemeni Workers Come Home', Middle East Report (MERIP) no. 181, March 1993 · Deportations · Expulsion of Yemeni workers from Saudi Arabia, 1990-1991 link
▶SenegalUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶SerbiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, excess deathsGovernment records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (9)

  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1914). Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, Appendix I, Servia: figures communicated by the Servian Minister of War to the Skupshtina, 13 February 1914, p. 395. · Wounded, military deaths · First Balkan War; Second Balkan War link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 527 (World War II casualty table). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.) (2005). The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 290 (citing the official Yugoslav figure of 1.7 million total war dead). · Civilian deaths · World War II: Yugoslav civilian dead (official)
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama (WWI section on Serbia). · Civilian deaths · World War I: Serbian civilians killed and executed
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 353 (Serbia, casualties to 4 December 1918). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Hersch, Liebmann (1927). 'La mortalite causee par la guerre mondiale'. Metron: International Review of Statistics, 7(1): 3 ff., at pp. 69-76. · Excess deaths · World War I: Serbian and Montenegrin civilian war deaths (all causes)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, ch. 17 'Alleged and True Population Losses', pp. 744-750 (reporting Zerjavic's estimate). · Civilian deaths · World War II: Yugoslav civilian dead (all causes, incl. genocide)
▶Sierra LeoneUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deathsGovernment records · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Conibere, Richard; Asher, Jana; Cibelli, Kristen; Dudukovich, Jana; Kaplan, Rafe; Ball, Patrick (2004). Statistical Appendix to the Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone. Benetech HRDAG / ABA, Table (violations by type). · Civilian deaths · Sierra Leone Civil War: killings documented by the TRC link
  • Guberek, Tamy; Guzman, Daniel; Silva, Romesh; Cibelli, Kristen; Asher, Jana; Weikart, Scott; Ball, Patrick; Grossman, Wendy M. (2006). Truth and Myth in Sierra Leone: An Empirical Analysis of the Conflict, 1991-2000. Palo Alto: Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group / American Bar Association, pp. 3-4, 52-53. · Civilian deaths · Sierra Leone Civil War: non-combatants intentionally killed link
▶SingaporeCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶SlovakiaCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deathsOther works · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (3)

  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press (table of estimated Gypsy losses by country, adjacent to p. 421; exact page not verified). · Civilian deaths · Romani genocide (Porajmos)
  • Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 421 (table of Jewish losses by country). · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2018). 'Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country'. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Washington, DC: USHMM. · Civilian deaths · The Holocaust: Jews murdered link
▶SloveniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶Solomon Is.Uppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶SomaliaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶South AfricaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded, military deathsRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (4)

  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 1, Table (i)(a), p. 237. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Human Rights Committee of South Africa estimate, as cited in Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (1998). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 2, ch. 3, para. 91. Cape Town: TRC. · Prisoners · Detention without trial link
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (1998). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 2, ch. 3. Cape Town: TRC. · Custody deaths · Detention without trial link
  • UK Parliament (1945). British Empire War Casualties: written answer by the Prime Minister (C. Attlee). House of Commons Debates, 29 November 1945, vol 416, cc1735-6W (tabular statement of casualties to all ranks of the armed forces of the British Commonwealth and Empire, 3 Sep 1939 - 14 Aug 1945). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
▶South KoreaPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Civilian deaths, woundedHistorians and scholars · Civilian deathsMilitary records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (5)

  • Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931-1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, p. 143. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Korean civilian deaths under Japanese rule
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 85-92 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • Ministry of National Defense (South Korea), Institute for Military History Compilation (n.d.). '[Statistics] Other figures' ([통계편] 기타현황), 6·25 War statistics [Korean], table 'South and North Korean civilian casualties'. · Civilian deaths · Korean War: South Korean civilians killed link
  • Ministry of National Defense, Institute for Military History Compilation (IMHC), Republic of Korea. Statistics of Korean forces in the Vietnam War (online statistical resource V14), as cited by Korean Wikipedia, 'Daehanminguk gukgunui Beteunam jeonjaeng chamjeon'. · Wounded, military deaths · Vietnam War link
  • Rummel, R. J. (1998). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900. Muenster: LIT, ch. 3. · Civilian deaths · World War II: Korean forced labourers and conscripts who died link
▶SpainUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Civilian deaths, executions, prisonersGovernment records · Civilian deaths, prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (8)

  • Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. · Civilian deaths · Spanish Civil War: Francoist repression (during and after the war)
  • Julia, Santos (coord.) (1999). Victimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. · Civilian deaths · Spanish Civil War: Francoist repression (documented, 24 provinces)
  • Ministerio de Justicia (n.d.). Causa General: La dominacion roja en Espana. Madrid; total of 85,940 deaths as reported in Preston, Paul (2012). The Spanish Holocaust. London: HarperPress, Prologue. · Civilian deaths · Spanish Civil War: Republican-zone killings (Red Terror)
  • Official Ministry of Justice prison statistics (figure for 7 Jan 1940, supplied in 1952 to an international commission), as cited in Gomez Bravo, Gutmaro (2006). El desarrollo penitenciario en el primer franquismo (1939-1945). Hispania Nova 6; and Rodriguez Teijeiro, Domingo (2015). Morir de hambre en las carceles de Franco (1939-1945). Historia Contemporanea 51: 641-666. · Prisoners · Francoist repression after the Civil War link
  • Payne, Stanley G. (1987). The Franco Regime, 1936-1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. · Executions · Francoist repression after the Civil War
  • Preston, Paul (2012). The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London: HarperPress, pp. xi, xvi-xviii. · Civilian deaths · Spanish Civil War: Francoist repression (during and after the war); Spanish Civil War: Republican-zone killings (Red Terror)
  • Preston, Paul (2012). The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London: HarperPress. · Executions · Francoist repression after the Civil War
  • Rodrigo, Javier (2006). Internamiento y trabajo forzoso: los campos de concentracion de Franco. Hispania Nova 6 (dossier), summarising Rodrigo, Javier (2005). Cautivos: Campos de concentracion en la Espana franquista, 1936-1947. Barcelona: Critica. · Prisoners · Francoist concentration camps link
▶Sri LankaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶SudanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, executions, prisonersGovernment records · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Excess deaths, deportationsInternational bodies · Excess deaths, state killingsNews media · Executions

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (29)

  • ACJPS, 'Sudan Protests: Urgent call for investigations into the custodial death of three University students and alleged torture of detainees by NISS', 13 March 2019 · Custody deaths · Deaths in NISS custody of students detained during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising link
  • African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS), 'Sudan Protests: 51 detainees released, hundreds remain in custody as President Bashir declares a national state of emergency', 5 March 2019 · Prisoners · Arbitrary arrests during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising against Bashir link
  • Alex de Waal, 'Averting Genocide in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan', Social Science Research Council, How Genocides End series, 22 December 2006 · Deportations · Forced relocation of Nuba civilians to 'peace camps', South Kordofan, 1992-1993 (jihad campaign) link
  • Amnesty International, '"They Descended on Us Like Rain": Justice for Victims of Protest Crackdown in Sudan', AFR 54/1893/2020, 10 March 2020 · State killings, prisoners · Killing of protesters during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising against Bashir; Arbitrary arrests during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising against Bashir and 1 more link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2015', ACT 50/3487/2016, April 2016 · Executions · Judicial executions in Sudan, 2015 (Amnesty International annual count) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2018', ACT 50/9870/2019, April 2019 · Executions · Judicial executions in Sudan, 2018 (Amnesty International annual count) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Death Sentences and Executions 2019', ACT 50/1847/2020, April 2020 · Executions · Judicial executions in Sudan, 2019 (Amnesty International annual count) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Health Workers and Human Rights in Sudan', AI Index AFR 54/35/90, October 1990 · Executions, prisoners, custody deaths · Summary execution of 28 army officers after the failed coup of 23 April 1990; Executions in the first two years after the 30 June 1989 coup (including the 28 officers of April 1990) and 2 more link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: A continuing human rights crisis', AI Index AFR 54/03/92, April 1992 · Prisoners · Political detention without trial after the 1989 coup (ghost houses, security headquarters, Kober and Shalla prisons) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: Deaths and detentions: the destruction of Juba', AI Index AFR 54/26/92, 23 September 1992 · State killings · Juba killings and disappearances after the SPLA incursions, June-August 1992 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: Five years later and no justice for 185 protesters shot dead by security forces', press release, 9 October 2018 · Prisoners · Arrests during and after the September 2013 fuel-subsidy protests link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: Five years later and no justice for 185 protesters shot dead by security forces', press release, 9 October 2018 (joint with ACJPS) · State killings · Killing of protesters during the September 2013 fuel-subsidy protests link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: Human rights violations during the military government's second year in power', AI Index AFR 54/11/91, 1991 · Executions · Executions in the first two years after the 30 June 1989 coup (including the 28 officers of April 1990) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: The ravages of war: political killings and humanitarian disaster', AI Index AFR 54/29/93, September 1993 · State killings · Juba killings and disappearances after the SPLA incursions, June-August 1992 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Sudan: What future for human rights?', AI Index AFR 54/01/95, January 1995 · Prisoners · Political detention without trial after the 1989 coup (ghost houses, security headquarters, Kober and Shalla prisons) link
  • Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors (CCSD) death toll, as reported in Amnesty International, '"They Descended on Us Like Rain"', March 2020 · State killings · 3 June 2019 Khartoum sit-in massacre and following days (dispersal by RSF and security forces) link
  • Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors count, as reported by Al Jazeera, 'Sudan protester killed at anti-coup rally: Medics', 31 August 2022 · State killings · Killing of protesters against the 25 October 2021 military coup (October 2021 - March 2023) link
  • Degomme, Olivier; Guha-Sapir, Debarati (2010). 'Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict'. The Lancet, 375(9711): 294-300. · Excess deaths · War in Darfur: excess mortality link
  • Government of Sudan acknowledgement, February 2019, as reported in Amnesty International, '"They Descended on Us Like Rain"', March 2020 · State killings · Killing of protesters during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising against Bashir link
  • Government of Sudan official death toll, as reported in Human Rights Watch, '"We Stood, They Opened Fire"', 21 April 2014 · State killings · Killing of protesters during the September 2013 fuel-subsidy protests link
  • Holmes, John (UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs) (2008). Briefing to the UN Security Council, 22 April 2008 (UN press release SC/9304), as reported in UN News, 'At five-year mark, Darfur crisis is only worsening - UN aid chief', 22 April 2008. · Excess deaths · War in Darfur: deaths link
  • Human Rights Watch, '"We Stood, They Opened Fire": Killings and Arrests by Sudan's Security Forces during the September Protests', 21 April 2014 · State killings · Killing of protesters during the September 2013 fuel-subsidy protests link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Famine in Sudan, 1998: The Human Rights Causes', February 1999, ch. XIII 'The spread of famine in the Nuba Mountains' (citing the 1998 Nuba Needs Assessment) · Deportations · Displaced Nuba held in government 'peace villages', South Kordofan, 1997 link
  • Human Rights Watch/Africa (Jemera Rone), 'Behind the Red Line: Political Repression in Sudan', May 1996 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Detainees held in the 'Citibank' ghost house, Khartoum (secret Sudan Security detention centre); Death of Mohamed al Fatih Abdel Moneim Taifor after beating in a Khartoum ghost house, July 1995 link
  • Radio Dabanga, 'Sudan security stops commemoration of Islamic reformist's death', 19 January 2015 · Executions · Execution of Mahmoud Mohamed Taha for apostasy under the September Laws, Kober prison, 18 January 1985 link
  • Sudan Attorney-General's investigation committee report, July 2019, as reported in Amnesty International, '"They Descended on Us Like Rain"', March 2020 · State killings · 3 June 2019 Khartoum sit-in massacre and following days (dispersal by RSF and security forces) link
  • Sudanese doctors' group count, as reported in Human Rights Watch, '"They Were Shouting Kill Them": Sudan's Violent Crackdown on Protesters in Khartoum', 18 November 2019 · State killings · Killing of protesters during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising against Bashir link
  • Sudanese government officials' figure, as reported in Amnesty International, 'Sudan: State of emergency intensifies brutal government crackdown on protests', press release, 25 February 2019 · Prisoners · Arbitrary arrests during the December 2018 - April 2019 uprising against Bashir link
  • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk, statement reported by UN News, 'Sudan: New effort needed to restore civilian rule, transition to democracy', 3 March 2023 · State killings · Killing of protesters against the 25 October 2021 military coup (October 2021 - March 2023) link
▶SurinamePeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶SwedenUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶SyriaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisonersHistorians and scholars · Wounded, military deathsInternational bodies · Civilian deaths, prisonersClaims by a party · State killingsGovernment records · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (36)

  • Amnesty International (1983). Report from Amnesty International to the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic. London: Amnesty International. · State killings · Hama massacre
  • Amnesty International (2017). Human Slaughterhouse: Mass Hangings and Extermination at Saydnaya Prison, Syria. MDE 24/5415/2017. London: Amnesty International. · Executions · Assad detention system since 2011
  • Amnesty International, 'Human Slaughterhouse: Mass Hangings and Extermination at Saydnaya Prison, Syria', AI Index MDE 24/5415/2017, February 2017, pp. 6 and 20 (note 40) · Executions · Mass hangings at Saydnaya Military Prison, September 2011 to December 2015 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Syria: New investigation reveals evidence government and affiliated forces extrajudicially executed dozens of Druze people in Suwayda', 2025 · State killings · Suwayda killings, July 2025 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Syria: Torture by the security forces', AI Index MDE 24/09/87, 1987, section 3.3 · Custody deaths · Deaths under torture in Syrian security-service custody, 1983 to 1986 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Syria: Torture, despair and dehumanization in Tadmur Military Prison', AI Index MDE 24/014/2001, September 2001, p. 24 · State killings · Tadmur (Palmyra) prison massacre, 27 June 1980 link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 576 (Six Day War, 1967). · Wounded, military deaths · Six-Day War (1967) link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 590 (Lebanon War: 1982). · Wounded, military deaths · Lebanon War (1982) link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 61, 65, 73, 77-78. · Excess deaths · World War I: Ottoman civilian deaths from famine and disease
  • Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG), as cited in Amnesty International, 'Human Slaughterhouse', February 2017, p. 5, and 'It Breaks the Human', August 2016 · Custody deaths · Deaths in Syrian government custody since 2011 link
  • Human Rights Watch (2015). If the Dead Could Speak: Mass Deaths and Torture in Syria's Detention Facilities. New York: HRW. · Custody deaths · Assad detention system since 2011 link
  • Human Rights Watch / Middle East Watch, 'Human Rights in Syria' (1990), pp. 16-17 · State killings · Jisr al-Shughur killings, March 1980 link
  • Human Rights Watch / Middle East Watch, 'Syria's Tadmor Prison: Dissent Still Hostage to a Legacy of Terror', Vol. 8 No. 2(E), April 1996, p. 8 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held at Tadmur Military Prison, 1980s link
  • Human Rights Watch / Middle East Watch, 'Syria's Tadmor Prison: Dissent Still Hostage to a Legacy of Terror', Vol. 8 No. 2(E), April 1996, p. 9 · State killings · Tadmur (Palmyra) prison massacre, 27 June 1980 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'A Wasted Decade: Human Rights in Syria during Bashar al-Asad's First Ten Years in Power', July 2010 · Prisoners · Arrests of political and human-rights activists under Bashar al-Assad before the uprising, 2000 to 2010; Damascus Spring crackdown, August to September 2001 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'A Wasted Decade: Human Rights in Syria during Bashar al-Asad's First Ten Years in Power', July 2010, p. 29 · State killings · Tadmur (Palmyra) prison massacre, 27 June 1980 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'A Wasted Decade: Human Rights in Syria during Bashar al-Asad's First Ten Years in Power', July 2010, p. 29 (citing 'various researchers') · Prisoners · Enforced disappearances in the crackdown on the opposition, late 1970s to 1980s link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Group Denial: Repression of Kurdish Political and Cultural Rights in Syria', November 2009 · State killings, prisoners · Qamishli Kurdish unrest, March 2004 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Syria: Address Grievances Underlying Kurdish Unrest', 18 March 2004 · State killings · Qamishli Kurdish unrest, March 2004 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Syria: Investigate Sednaya Prison Deaths', 21 July 2008 · Custody deaths · Sednaya prison killings, 5 July 2008 link
  • Human Rights Watch, report on the March 2025 coastal massacres, 23 September 2025, as summarised by SyriacPress · State killings · Coastal massacres of Alawite civilians, March 2025 link
  • Middle East Watch, 'Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Asad Regime' (Yale University Press, 1991), p. 15 · State killings, prisoners · Aleppo security operation against the Muslim Brotherhood, April 1980 to February 1981 link
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2022). Civilian deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. UN Doc. A/HRC/50/68. · Civilian deaths · Syrian Civil War: civilians killed link
  • Patrick Seale, 'Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East' (University of California Press, 1990), p. 327 · State killings · Jisr al-Shughur killings, March 1980 link
  • Syrian Human Rights Committee (London-based, close to the opposition) estimate. · State killings · Hama massacre
  • Syrian Human Rights Committee (SHRC), 'The Tadmur (Palmyra) Prison Massacre on its 27th Anniversary', 26 June 2007, as summarised on ecoi.net · State killings · Tadmur (Palmyra) prison massacre, 27 June 1980 link
  • Syrian National Committee for Investigation and Fact-Finding (government inquiry), report of 22 July 2025, as reported by Al Jazeera · State killings · Coastal massacres of Alawite civilians, March 2025 link
  • Syrian Network for Human Rights (2025, 26 June). On the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture: New Information Reveals the Deaths of Thousands of Forcibly Disappeared Persons ... Raising the Death Toll to 45,342. · Custody deaths · Assad detention system since 2011 link
  • Syrian Network for Human Rights (2025, 30 Aug). Fourteenth Annual Report on Enforced Disappearances in Syria. · Prisoners · Assad detention system since 2011 link
  • Syrian Network for Human Rights (Fadel Abdul Ghany, director), quoted by Voice of America, 'As Syria's prison doors open, tens of thousands remain missing', December 2024 · Prisoners · Opening of Assad-era prisons after the fall of the government, December 2024; Enforced disappearances by the Assad government, 2011 to 2024 link
  • Syrian Network for Human Rights, count for 6-10 March 2025, as cited in Amnesty International, 'Syria: Coastal massacres of Alawite civilians must be investigated as war crimes', 3 April 2025 · State killings · Coastal massacres of Alawite civilians, March 2025 link
  • Syrian Network for Human Rights, cumulative count of deaths in detention as of 26 June 2015, as cited in Human Rights Watch, 'If the Dead Could Speak: Mass Deaths and Torture in Syria's Detention Facilities', December 2015 · Custody deaths · Deaths in Syrian government custody since 2011 link
  • Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), as reported by Al Jazeera, 22 July 2025 · State killings · Coastal massacres of Alawite civilians, March 2025 link
  • Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), tally of 16 August 2025, as reported by Kurdistan24 · State killings · Suwayda killings, July 2025 link
  • UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, conference room paper A/HRC/61/CRP.7 on the July 2025 Suwayda events, March 2026, paras 48-50 · State killings · Suwayda killings, July 2025 link
  • UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, statement on the twelfth anniversary of the Syrian uprising, UN News, March 2023 (figure also used by the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria, June 2022) · Prisoners · Enforced disappearances by the Assad government, 2011 to 2024 link
▶TaiwanPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶TajikistanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, state killings, executionsGovernment records · State killings, executionsHistorians and scholars · Excess deathsInternational bodies · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (19)

  • Amnesty International, 'Concerns in Europe and Central Asia: July to December 2002' (AI Index EUR 01/002/2003), cited in Penal Reform International, 'The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in Central Asia', 2012, footnote 177 · Executions · Judicial executions before the April 2004 moratorium (year 2002) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Tadzhikistan: Hidden terror: Political killings, "disappearances" and torture since December 1992', AI Index EUR 60/04/93, 1993 · State killings · Extrajudicial executions and disappearances of Garmis and Pamiris in Dushanbe after government forces took the capital, Dec 1992-1993 link
  • Civic Solidarity Platform (Lenur Kerymov, Nigina Bakhrieva, Nargis Akdodova; monitoring by Pamir Lawyers Association, Bureau of Human Rights and Rule of Law, Nota Bene and others), 'Monitoring of observance of human rights in connection with the special operation conducted on 24 July 2012 in Khorog, Tajikistan', Dushanbe 2013, p. 31 · State killings · Special security operation in Khorog, Gorno-Badakhshan, 24 July 2012 and aftermath link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Tajikistan. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Custody deaths · Gorno-Badakhshan (Pamiri) crackdown since 2021 link
  • Human Rights Watch and Norwegian Helsinki Committee, 'Tajikistan: Severe Crackdown on Political Opposition', 17 February 2016 · Prisoners · Ban of the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT) and arrests of its members, Sept 2015-Feb 2016 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Tajikistan: Leninabad: Crackdown in the North', April 1998 · State killings, prisoners · Suppression of Khujand prison uprising, 14-17 April 1997; Mass arrests in Leninabad (Khujand) after the 30 April 1997 assassination attempt on Rahmon link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2017, Tajikistan chapter (January 2017) · Prisoners · Post-2015 crackdown on opposition (IRPT, Group 24, lawyers, journalists) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2018, Tajikistan chapter (January 2018) · Prisoners · Arrest and imprisonment of human rights lawyers (Yorov, Kudratov, Makhkamov and others) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2024, Tajikistan chapter (January 2024) · Prisoners · Prosecutions of Gorno-Badakhshan (Pamiri) residents after the 2021-2022 protests link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2025, Tajikistan chapter (January 2025) · Prisoners · Imprisonment of journalists for critical reporting link
  • Norwegian Helsinki Committee, 'Tajikistan: Parliamentary elections amidst a human rights crisis', 5 March 2025 · Prisoners · Post-2015 crackdown on opposition (IRPT, Group 24, lawyers, journalists, GBAO activists), cumulative 2015-2025 link
  • Penal Reform International (Indira Barykbayeva, Dinara Amanzholova, Jacqueline Macalesher; Tajikistan research by Nigina Bakhriyeva), 'The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan', 2012, p. 45 · Executions · Last executions before the moratorium, April 2004 link
  • Supreme Court of Tajikistan statistics, cited in Penal Reform International, 'The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan', 2012, footnote 176 · Executions · Judicial executions before the April 2004 moratorium (year 2002) link
  • Tajik Interior Ministry / Justice Ministry statements, as reported in RFE/RL, 'Tajik Opposition Members Among 32 Killed In Prison Riot', 20 May 2019 · State killings · Suppression of Vahdat prison riot, 19-20 May 2019 link
  • Tajik official figures, as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Tajikistan: Leninabad: Crackdown in the North', April 1998 · State killings · Suppression of Khujand prison uprising, 14-17 April 1997 link
  • Tajik official sources as of 28 July 2012, reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Tajikistan: Respect Rights in Security Operations', 30 July 2012 · State killings · Special security operation in Khorog, Gorno-Badakhshan, 24 July 2012 link
  • Tajik officials, as reported in RFE/RL, 'Tajik Opposition Members Among 32 Killed In Prison Riot', 20 May 2019 · State killings · Suppression of Khujand prison riot, November 2018 link
  • UN Special Rapporteur on minority issues (Fernand de Varennes), statement of 20 May 2022, as quoted in Human Rights Watch, 'Tajikistan: Stop Abusing Autonomous Region Protesters', 26 May 2022 · State killings · 'Anti-terrorism operation' against protesters in Khorog and Rushan, Gorno-Badakhshan, May 2022 link
▶TanzaniaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶ThailandUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · PrisonersGovernment records · Wounded

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • FIDH and Thai Lawyers for Human Rights (2026). The Unsayable: Q&A on Thailand's lese-majeste. Thailand annual prison report 2026. Paris: FIDH. · Prisoners · Lese-majeste (Article 112) prosecutions since 2014 link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
▶Timor-LesteCorrelates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Civilian deaths, excess deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (2)

  • Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) (2005). Chega! Final Report. Dili: CAVR, Executive Summary, pp. 44, 54-55 (multiple systems estimate by HRDAG). · Civilian deaths · Indonesian occupation of East Timor: killings link
  • Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) (2005). Chega! Final Report. Dili: CAVR; statistical annex: Silva, Romesh; Ball, Patrick (2006). The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974-1999. A Report by the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group to the CAVR, 9 February 2006, s. 0.1.1 and 1.4.2. · Excess deaths · Indonesian occupation of East Timor: deaths from hunger and illness link
▶TogoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶Trinidad and TobagoUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶TunisiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶TurkeyUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Custody deaths, prisonersGovernment records · Prisoners, civilian deaths, woundedNews media · Prisoners, state killingsHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, excess deathsClaims by a party · Civilian deaths, prisonersInternational bodies · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (43)

  • 1939 Gendarmerie General Command document, as presented by PM Erdoğan on 23 Nov 2011; reported by Bianet, 24 Nov 2011 · State killings · Dersim operations 1937-38 (official 1939 gendarmerie figures) link
  • Amnesty International, 'Gezi Park Protests: Brutal Denial of the Right to Peaceful Assembly in Turkey' (EUR 44/022/2013), Oct 2013 · State killings · Gezi Park protests, May-August 2013 link
  • Anadolu Agency, 'Turkey's bloodiest military coup, 39 years later', 12 Sept 2019 · Custody deaths, prisoners · 1980 coup repression link
  • Bianet, '25th Anniversary of Gazi Massacre Marked', 12 March 2020 · State killings · Gazi quarter and Ümraniye killings, Istanbul, 12-15 March 1995 link
  • Burak Başaranlar, 'When neighbors become aggressors: the local tensions behind the expulsion of Jews from Eastern Thrace in 1934', New Perspectives on Turkey (2024) · Deportations · 1934 Thrace anti-Jewish riots link
  • Christian Science Monitor, 'Riot Spotlights Turkey's Struggle With Rise of Fundamentalist Islam', 15 March 1995 · State killings · Gazi quarter and Ümraniye killings, Istanbul, 12-15 March 1995 link
  • Committee to Protect Journalists (2026). 2025 journalist jailings remain stubbornly high; harsh prison conditions pervasive. Prison census as of 1 December 2025. New York: CPJ. · Prisoners · Jailed journalists (CPJ prison census) link
  • CPJ, 'Hundreds of journalists jailed globally becomes the new normal', 13 Dec 2018 · Prisoners · Jailed journalists (CPJ census) 2018 link
  • CPJ, 'Record number of journalists jailed as Turkey, China, Egypt pay scant price for repression', 13 Dec 2017 · Prisoners · Jailed journalists (CPJ census) 2017 link
  • CPJ, 'Turkey's crackdown propels number of journalists in jail worldwide to record high', 13 Dec 2016 · Prisoners · Jailed journalists (CPJ census) 2016 link
  • Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akcam, Taner (2011). Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials. New York: Berghahn, p. 47. · Civilian deaths · Armenian genocide
  • Daily Sabah, 'All trials on FETÖ's coup bid in Turkey conclude, appeals pending', 25 May 2022 · Prisoners · Post-2016 coup attempt purge: arrests and convictions for alleged Gülen links link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 61, 65, 73, 77-78. · Excess deaths · World War I: Ottoman civilian deaths from famine and disease
  • Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 300 (table of losses claimed by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation, Paris 1919). · Civilian deaths · Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 6 'Allied and Enemy Casualties', p. 357 (Turkey, casualties throughout the war). · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • HDP, Report on Violations of Rights 2019, as reported by Bianet, '6,000 People from HDP Arrested Since 2015', 11 Dec 2019 · Prisoners · Detentions of HDP members and officials since 2015/16 link
  • HRFT (TİHV), 'Fact Sheet on Declared Curfews, 16 August 2015 - 16 August 2016' · State killings · Security operations and curfews in the southeast, July 2015 - December 2016 link
  • HRFT (TİHV), 'Fact sheet on Gezi Park protest as of July 12th' (2013), republished by FIDH · Prisoners · Gezi Park protests, May-August 2013 link
  • HRFT (TİHV), Turkey Human Rights Report 1993, Introduction · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention and prisons (HRFT annual series) link
  • HRFT (TİHV), Turkey Human Rights Report 1994, Introduction · State killings, custody deaths · Deaths in detention and prisons (HRFT annual series); Extra-judicial executions by security forces in the southeast, 1994 and 1 more link
  • HRFT (TİHV), Turkey Human Rights Report 1995 · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention and prisons (HRFT annual series) link
  • HRFT (TİHV), Turkey Human Rights Report 1995, section 'Deaths in detention and prisons' · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention and prisons (HRFT annual series) link
  • HRFT (TİHV), Turkey Human Rights Report 1996 · Custody deaths · Deaths in detention and prisons (HRFT annual series) link
  • HRFT (TİHV), Turkey Human Rights Report 1998, Introduction · Custody deaths, state killings · Deaths in detention and prisons (HRFT annual series); Extra-judicial executions by security forces, 1998 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Turkey: Crackdown on Kurdish Opposition', 20 March 2017 (figures supplied by HDP) · Prisoners · Detentions of HDP members and officials since 2015/16 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Türkiye: Istanbul Mayor Detained', 19 March 2025 · Prisoners · 2025 arrests of CHP mayors and officials (İmamoğlu case) link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2026: Türkiye · Prisoners · Jailed journalists 2025 (HRW count) link
  • Hürriyet Daily News, 'Deniz Gezmiş and friends commemorated on 44th anniversary of execution', 6 May 2016 · Executions · Execution of Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan and Hüseyin İnan after the 12 March 1971 memorandum link
  • İHD (Human Rights Association) count, as reported by Stockholm Center for Freedom, 4 Dec 2024 · Custody deaths · Deaths in Turkish prisons 2024 link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • International Commission of Jurists, 'Execution of Turkish Ministers' (1961) · Executions · Yassıada trials after the 27 May 1960 coup link
  • Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, pp. 150-151, 166. · Civilian deaths · Ottoman Greek genocide (incl. Pontus)
  • Justice Minister statement, July 2025, as cited in Human Rights Watch, World Report 2026: Türkiye · Prisoners · Post-2016 coup attempt purge: arrests and convictions for alleged Gülen links link
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (ed.) (2001). Rossiya i SSSR v voynakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the armed forces]. Moscow: OLMA-Press, Table 56 'Losses of the armed forces of the main participants in the First World War' (after B. Ts. Urlanis, 1960, and Mirovaya voyna v tsifrakh, 1934). · Wounded · World War I link
  • Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894-1924. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 486-487. · Civilian deaths · Armenian genocide
  • Official document signed by İsmet İnönü, cited by PM Erdoğan 23 Nov 2011; AFP via Kurdish Institute of Paris · Deportations · Dersim operations 1937-38 (official 1939 gendarmerie figures) link
  • OHCHR, 'Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey, July 2015 to December 2016', 10 March 2017, para. 2 · State killings · Security operations and curfews in the southeast, July 2015 - December 2016 link
  • Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Steven L. (eds.) (2008). Dictionary of Genocide. Westport, CT: Greenwood, p. 19. · Civilian deaths · Armenian genocide
  • Turkish Ministry of Interior (Anadolu Agency, 17 Dec 2017), as reported in Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018). Report on the impact of the state of emergency on human rights in Turkey, including an update on the South-East, January - December 2017. Geneva: OHCHR (paras 10, 82). · Prisoners · Post-2016 coup attempt purge detentions link
  • Turkish police counterterrorism department data via Anadolu Agency, 14 July 2025, as reported by Turkish Minute · Prisoners · Post-2016 coup attempt purge: arrests and convictions for alleged Gülen links link
  • Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (2012). Darbe ve Muhtiralari Arastirma Komisyonu Raporu [Report of the Parliamentary Commission Investigating Coups and Memoranda]. TBMM S. Sayisi 376, 2 vols. Ankara: TBMM (vol. 1 introduction; vol. 2 p. 840). · Prisoners · 1980 coup repression link
  • Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (2012). Darbe ve Muhtiralari Arastirma Komisyonu Raporu [Report of the Parliamentary Commission Investigating Coups and Memoranda]. TBMM S. Sayisi 376, vol. 1. Ankara: TBMM, p. xiv. · Executions · 1980 coup repression link
  • Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (2012). Darbe ve Muhtiralari Arastirma Komisyonu Raporu [Report of the Parliamentary Commission Investigating Coups and Memoranda]. TBMM S. Sayisi 376, vol. 1. Ankara: TBMM, p. xv. · Custody deaths · 1980 coup repression link
▶TurkmenistanRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deaths, executionsHistorians and scholars · Excess deathsGovernment records · Custody deaths

Books, archives and reports (17)

  • Amnesty International, 'Death sentences and executions in 1996', AI Index ACT 51/01/97, 24 March 1997 · Executions · Judicial executions 1996 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Turkmenistan: Measures of persuasion - Recent concerns about possible prisoners of conscience and ill-treatment of political opponents', AI Index EUR 61/03/96, March 1996, pp. 18-19 · Executions · Judicial executions 1992-1994 link
  • Amnesty International, 'Turkmenistan: Measures of persuasion', AI Index EUR 61/03/96, March 1996, pp. 9-11 · Prisoners · 12 July 1995 Ashgabat protest march: mass arrests link
  • Amnesty International, 'Turkmenistan: The "Ashgabat Eight": Two Years On, Time for the Truth', AI Index EUR 61/07/97, July 1997, pp. 4-5 · Prisoners · 12 July 1995 Ashgabat protest march: mass arrests link
  • Amnesty International, Urgent Action 'Turkmenistan: Death in custody - Ogulsapar Muradova', AI Index EUR 61/013/2006, 14 September 2006 · Custody deaths · June 2006 arrest of RFE/RL journalist Ogulsapar Muradova and two activists; her death in custody link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • Forum 18, 'Turkmenistan: 16 conscientious objectors freed, Muslim prisoners of conscience remain', 10 May 2021 · Prisoners · Jailing of Jehovah's Witness conscientious objectors, 2018-2021 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Turkmenistan: Conviction of Opposition Leader Condemned', press release, New York, 31 December 2002 · Prisoners · November 2002 purge after alleged assassination attempt: arrests and convictions link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Turkmenistan: Human Rights Update', 14 May 2004 · Prisoners · November 2002 purge after alleged assassination attempt: arrests and convictions link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, Turkmenistan section (Helsinki/Europe and Central Asia), 1998 · Executions · Judicial executions 1996 link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Turkmenistan: Human Rights Developments, 1999 · Custody deaths · Death in custody of 'Ashgabat Eight' prisoner Charymurat Gurov link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2025, Turkmenistan chapter, January 2025 · Prisoners · Enforced disappearances in Turkmenistan's prisons: continuing cases; 2016-2017 closed trials of alleged Gülen-movement followers link
  • Prove They Are Alive! campaign count as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'A "Disappeared" Man in Turkmenistan Dies', 23 March 2018 · Custody deaths · Enforced disappearances in Turkmenistan's prisons: deaths in custody link
  • Prove They Are Alive! campaign, 'List of the Disappeared in Turkmenistan's Prisons', February 2018, p. 1 · Custody deaths, prisoners · November 2002 purge: enforced disappearances of 'Novemberists'; Enforced disappearances in Turkmenistan's prisons since 2002 (all categories) link
  • Prove They Are Alive! campaign, 'List of the Disappeared in Turkmenistan's Prisons', November 2021, p. 1 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Enforced disappearances in Turkmenistan's prisons since 2002 (all categories); Enforced disappearances in Turkmenistan's prisons: continuing cases and 1 more link
  • Prove They Are Alive! campaign, 'List of the Disappeared in Turkmenistan's Prisons', November 2021, p. 3 · Prisoners · November 2002 purge: enforced disappearances of 'Novemberists' link
  • US Embassy Ashgabat cable 07ASHGABAT1204, 6 Nov 2007 (via WikiLeaks), as quoted in Prove They Are Alive!, 'List of the Disappeared in Turkmenistan's Prisons', February 2018 · Custody deaths · November 2002 purge: deaths in Ovadan Depe special block link
▶UgandaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · Excess deaths, state killingsGovernment records · Civilian deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (3)

  • Human Rights Watch (1999). Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda. New York: HRW, ch. V 'Historical Background', n. 61, quoting Ofcansky, Uganda, p. 54 (citing an ICRC estimate). · Excess deaths · Ugandan Bush War: Luwero Triangle civilian deaths link
  • International Commission of Jurists (1977). Uganda and Human Rights: Reports to the UN Commission on Human Rights. Geneva: ICJ. · State killings · Killings under Idi Amin
  • U.S. Department of State estimate (1984), as quoted in Human Rights Watch (1999). Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda, ch. V 'Historical Background'. · Civilian deaths · Ugandan Bush War: Luwero Triangle civilians killed link
▶UkraineUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded, military deaths, deportationsHistorians and scholars · Civilian deaths, famine deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (10)

  • Beria's report to Stalin (NKVD), as cited in Helsinki Watch (1991). Punished Peoples of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations. New York: Human Rights Watch; see also Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. · Deportations · Deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Surgun) link
  • Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 303. · Famine deaths · Holodomor (famine of 1932-33 in Ukraine)
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Civilian deaths · World War II: civilian deaths (Soviet republic)
  • Institute for Demography and Social Studies, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2009). Forensic demographic expert opinion, 30 Nov 2009, adopted in the ruling of the Kyiv Court of Appeal of 13 Jan 2010. · Famine deaths · Holodomor (famine of 1932-33 in Ukraine) link
  • Kohut, Andriy (2020). Soviet deportations of OUN family members from Western Ukraine in 1940-1952. Acta historica Neosoliensia 23(1): 72-90. · Deportations · Deportations of OUN families from Western Ukraine link
  • Oliynyk, T. (2025). Zelenskyy: Over 45,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed in war against Russia. Ukrainska Pravda, 4 February 2025 (quoting President Zelenskyy's interview with Piers Morgan). · Wounded, military deaths · Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-) link
  • Rudnytskyi, Omelian; Levchuk, Nataliia; Wolowyna, Oleh; Shevchuk, Pavlo; Kovbasiuk, Alla (2015). Demography of a Man-made Human Catastrophe: The Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine 1932-1933. Canadian Studies in Population 42(1-2): 53-80. · Famine deaths · Holodomor (famine of 1932-33 in Ukraine) link
  • Soviet archival data (as reported by Vera Tolz, 1991), tabulated in Helsinki Watch (1991). 'Punished Peoples' of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations. New York: Human Rights Watch, p. 9, Table 3. · Custody deaths · Deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Surgun)
  • The New York Times (2023). Troop deaths and injuries in Ukraine war near 500,000, U.S. officials say. The New York Times, 18 August 2023 (estimates by unnamed U.S. officials). · Wounded, military deaths · Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-) link
  • Veidlinger, Jeffrey (2021). In the Midst of Civilized Europe: The Pogroms of 1918-1921 and the Onset of the Holocaust. New York: Metropolitan Books. · Civilian deaths · Anti-Jewish pogroms in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War
▶United Arab EmiratesUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008

Datasets

▶United KingdomUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded, military deathsHistorians and scholars · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (8)

  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 573 (Suez War, 1956). · Wounded, military deaths · Suez Crisis / Sinai War (1956) link
  • Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour 1939-1945 (as summarised in CWGC Annual Report 2013-2014, p. 43, and by Westminster Abbey, which holds the Roll). · Civilian deaths · World War II: British civilians killed by enemy action link
  • Great Britain, War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. London: HMSO, Part IV, Section 1, Table (i)(a), p. 237. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I link
  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded, military deaths · Korean War link
  • UK Ministry of Defence (2009). Op TELIC casualty and fatality tables, 1 January 2003 to 31 July 2009 (Defence Factsheet, July 2009). London: MoD (archived copy, Internet Archive). · Wounded, military deaths · Iraq War (2003-2011) link
  • UK Ministry of Defence (2014). Afghanistan casualty and fatality tables, 7 October 2001 to 31 October 2014 (Op HERRICK official statistics). London: MoD, Defence Statistics (Health). · Wounded, military deaths · War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) link
  • UK Parliament (1961). Allied Casualties in Second World War: written answer by Lord Carrington. House of Lords Debates, 3 August 1961, vol 234, cc316-7WA (reproducing Table 14 of the Statistical Digest of the War, History of the Second World War, UK Civil Series). · Wounded, military deaths · World War II link
  • UK Parliament (1982). Falkland Islands (Casualties): written answer by the Minister of State for Defence (P. Blaker). House of Commons Debates, 18 October 1982, vol 29, c50W. · Wounded · Falklands War link
▶United States of AmericaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Wounded, military deaths

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (8)

  • Institute for Military History, Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense (2023). 6.25 jeonjaeng tonggye jaryojip [Statistical compendium of the Korean War]. Seoul: MND Institute for Military History, pp. 117-118 (as reproduced by the National Archives of Korea, '6.25 War: damage statistics'). · Wounded · Korean War link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 1, p. 2. · Wounded, military deaths · World War I; World War II and 1 more link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 1, p. 3. · Wounded, military deaths · Gulf War link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 1, pp. 2-3. · Wounded, military deaths · Vietnam War link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 12, p. 15 (Operation Iraqi Freedom, as of 16 July 2020). · Wounded, military deaths · Iraq War (2003-2011) link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 15, pp. 19-20 (Operation New Dawn, as of 16 July 2020). · Wounded, military deaths · Iraq War (2003-2011) link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 22, p. 27 (Operation Freedom's Sentinel, as of 16 July 2020). · Wounded, military deaths · War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) link
  • U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS), as tabulated in: Congressional Research Service (2020). American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492, updated 29 July 2020). Washington, DC: CRS, Table 9, p. 11 (Operation Enduring Freedom, as of 16 July 2020). · Wounded, military deaths · War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) link
▶UruguayPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Government records · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (1)

  • Rico, Alvaro (coord.) (2008). Investigacion historica sobre la dictadura y el terrorismo de Estado en el Uruguay (1973-1985), Tomo II, Seccion 1, Apartado 1: Listado general de presos y presas politicas durante la dictadura. Montevideo: Presidencia de la Republica / Universidad de la Republica. · Prisoners · Political imprisonment in Uruguay
▶UzbekistanUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Rights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deaths, executionsGovernment records · State killings, prisonersOther works · PrisonersHistorians and scholars · Excess deathsInternational bodies · State killingsClaims by a party · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (21)

  • Amnesty International UK, 'Uzbekistan: Human rights briefing' (2005) · Executions · Executions carried out despite UN Human Rights Committee stay requests link
  • Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik [Population losses in the 20th century: a handbook]. Moscow: Russkaia panorama, pp. 23-35 (table of losses by Soviet republic). · Excess deaths · World War II: wartime famine and disease deaths (Soviet rear republic)
  • Human Rights Watch (2023). World Report 2023: Uzbekistan. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · July 2022 Karakalpakstan protest crackdown link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Creating Enemies of the State: Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan', March 2004 (319 pp.) · Prisoners · Campaign against independent Islam (religious-extremism imprisonment) link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Deaths in Custody in Uzbekistan', Briefing Paper, 4 April 2003, footnote 1 (citing HRW report 'And It Was Hell All Over Again', December 2000) · Custody deaths · Torture deaths in custody, May 1998 - October 2000 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Uzbekistan: Muslim Dissidents Jailed and Tortured' (press release for 'Creating Enemies of the State'), 29 March 2004 · Custody deaths · Torture deaths of religious prisoners, c. 1999-2003 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Uzbekistan: No Justice 7 Years after Andijan Massacre', 11 May 2012 (count first published in HRW backgrounder 'The Andijan Massacre: One Year Later, Still No Justice', May 2006, and World Report 2007) · Prisoners · Andijan trials, September 2005 - July 2006 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Uzbekistan: Torture Death in Prison' (press release on death of Otamaza Gafarov, Chirchik prison), 2 June 2003 · Custody deaths · Torture deaths in custody, December 2001 - June 2003 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'World Report 2006: Uzbekistan', January 2006 · Prisoners · Convictions of independent Muslims, 2005 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'World Report 2020: Uzbekistan', January 2020 (via ecoi.net mirror) · Prisoners · Release of Karimov-era political prisoners, Sept 2016 - 2019 link
  • Initiative Group of Independent Human Rights Defenders of Uzbekistan (Surat Ikramov), July 2014, cited in Human Rights Watch, '"Until the Very End"', September 2014 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held on religious-extremism and anti-state charges (snapshot 2014) link
  • Interior Minister Pulat Bobojonov, statement August 2019, as reported in Tashkent Times, 'There could be around 100 prisoners in Jaslyq, says human rights activist', 2021 · Prisoners · Jaslyk prison closure, August 2019 link
  • Memorial Human Rights Center (Moscow), estimate cited in Human Rights Watch, '"Until the Very End": Politically Motivated Imprisonment in Uzbekistan', 25 September 2014 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held on religious-extremism and anti-state charges (snapshot 2014) link
  • Nigara Khidoyatova, Free Peasants Party (Ozod Dehqonlar), list compiled 16-17 May 2005, as reported by Al Jazeera, 'Uzbek official claims lower death toll', 17 May 2005 · State killings · Andijan massacre, 13 May 2005 link
  • OSCE/ODIHR, 'Preliminary Findings on the Events in Andijan, Uzbekistan, 13 May 2005', Warsaw, 20 June 2005, pp. 6 and conclusion para. 8 · State killings · Andijan massacre, 13 May 2005 link
  • US Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), 'Uzbekistan's Religious and Political Prisoners: Addressing a Legacy of Repression', October 2021 · Prisoners · Religious prisoners still held (snapshot 2021) link
  • US Department of State, 'Uzbekistan: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003', 25 February 2004, Section 1.c · Prisoners · Jaslyk prison (UYa 64/71), Karakalpakstan link
  • US Department of State, 'Uzbekistan: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 25 February 2004, Introduction · Prisoners · Political and religious prisoners held (snapshot 2003) link
  • Uzbek authorities' figure, as reported in Human Rights Watch (2023). World Report 2023: Uzbekistan. New York: Human Rights Watch. · State killings · July 2022 Karakalpakstan protest crackdown link
  • Uzbek General Prosecutor's Office, as quoted in Human Rights Watch, 'Burying the Truth: Uzbekistan Rewrites the Story of the Andijan Massacre', Vol. 17 No. 6(D), September 2005 · State killings · Andijan massacre, 13 May 2005 link
  • Uzbek police statement, as quoted in Human Rights Watch, 'Burying the Truth: Uzbekistan Rewrites the Story of the Andijan Massacre', September 2005 · Prisoners · Andijan post-massacre detentions ('filtration') link
▶VenezuelaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Rights groups and NGOs · State killings, prisonersGovernment records · State killings, prisonersInternational bodies · State killings, prisoners, executionsNews media · PrisonersHistorians and scholars · State killings

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (31)

  • 1992 list of 396 dead compiled by the Red de Apoyo por la Justicia y la Paz and COFAVIC; cited in Margarita López Maya, 'The Venezuelan Caracazo of 1989: Popular Protest and Institutional Weakness', Journal of Latin American Studies 35 (2003), p. 130 · State killings · Caracazo repression, 27 February - March 1989 link
  • El Estímulo (Clímax), 'El pianista de Guasina, el campo de concentración de Pérez Jiménez', 9 Feb 2018 (drawing on Simón Ferrer, Testimonio del terror en Guasina, 1986) · Prisoners · Guasina concentration camp (Orinoco delta), 1951-52 link
  • Foro Penal (2026). Foro Penal contabilizo 324 presos politicos en Venezuela al 28 de septiembre 2026. Caracas: Foro Penal. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Venezuela since 2014 link
  • Foro Penal (2026). Running statistics on political arrests in Venezuela, foropenal.com home page (as of 28 Sep 2026). Caracas: Foro Penal. · Prisoners, custody deaths · Political prisoners in Venezuela since 2014 link
  • Foro Penal count (late Oct 2024), as reported in Freedom House (2025). Freedom in the World 2025: Venezuela. · Prisoners · Post-2024 election political prisoners link
  • Foro Penal, 'Special Report on Political Repression in Venezuela: July, August and September 2024', p. 5 · State killings · Post-election crackdown, 29 July - August 2024 link
  • Foro Penal, 'Special Report on Political Repression in Venezuela: July, August and September 2024', pp. 4, 6 · Prisoners · Post-election crackdown, 29 July - August 2024 link
  • Government of Venezuela figures reported in OHCHR, 'Human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights', A/HRC/41/18 (4 July 2019), para. 50 · State killings · Killings by security forces in 'resistance to authority' cases, 2018 link
  • Government of Venezuela figures reported in OHCHR, A/HRC/41/18 (4 July 2019), para. 50 · State killings · Killings by security forces in 'resistance to authority' cases, January-May 2019 link
  • Human Rights Watch, 'Punished for Seeking Change: Killings, Enforced Disappearances and Arbitrary Detention Following Venezuela's 2024 Election', 30 April 2025 · State killings · Post-election crackdown, 29 July - August 2024 link
  • Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, report A/HRC/45/33 and detailed findings A/HRC/45/CRP.11 (16 Sept 2020), as summarised by UN News, 16 Sept 2020 · Executions · UN Fact-Finding Mission 2020: extrajudicial executions investigated in depth, 2014-2020 link
  • Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela, A/HRC/45/33 (Sept 2020), as summarised by UN News, 16 Sept 2020 · State killings · UN Fact-Finding Mission 2020: killings by security forces reviewed, 2014-2020 link
  • Interior Minister Néstor Reverol, December 2017, as reported in Human Rights Watch, World Report 2020: Venezuela · State killings · Killings by security forces in 'resistance to authority' cases, 2016; Killings by security forces in 'resistance to authority' cases, 2017 link
  • Observatorio Venezolano de la Violencia, 'Informe anual de violencia 2018', cited in OHCHR A/HRC/41/18 (4 July 2019), para. 50 · State killings · Killings by security forces in 'resistance to authority' cases, 2018 link
  • Office of the Attorney General of Venezuela, 'Actuaciones del Ministerio Público relacionadas con las OLP en Venezuela (julio 2015-marzo 2017)', cited in OHCHR, A/HRC/41/18 (4 July 2019), footnote 36 · State killings · Operations for the Liberation of the People (OLP) raids, July 2015 - March 2017 link
  • OHCHR, 'Human rights violations and abuses in the context of protests in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from 1 April to 31 July 2017' (August 2017), executive summary · State killings · 2017 anti-government protests (April-July 2017) link
  • OHCHR, 'Human rights violations and abuses in the context of protests in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from 1 April to 31 July 2017' (August 2017), executive summary (NGO sources) · Prisoners · 2017 anti-government protests (April-July 2017) link
  • OHCHR, A/HRC/41/18 (4 July 2019), para. 40 · State killings · Deaths in anti-government demonstrations, January-May 2019 link
  • Provea (Inti Rodríguez), 25-year balance, as reported in El Diario, '25 años de ejecuciones extrajudiciales como política de Estado en Venezuela', 16 Dec 2021 · State killings · Extrajudicial executions by security forces registered by Provea, 1996-2020 (cumulative) link
  • Provea and Centro Gumilla, 'Lupa por la Vida' annual report 2021 (14 March 2022), as reported in El Diario, '1.414 ejecuciones extrajudiciales en 2021' · State killings · Extrajudicial executions by security forces registered by Provea, 2021 link
  • Provea and Centro Gumilla, 'Lupa por la Vida' annual report 2022, as reported in Infobae, 31 March 2023; also stated in Provea Informe 2023 Derecho a la Vida p. 2 ('En 2022 hubo un total de 824 víctimas') · State killings · Extrajudicial executions by security forces registered by Provea, 2022 link
  • Provea, 'Informe Anual 2020: ejecuciones extrajudiciales se convirtieron en una política de Estado' (Derecho a la Vida chapter summary), provea.org · State killings · Extrajudicial executions by security forces registered by Provea, 2019 link
  • Provea, 'Informe Anual 2020: ejecuciones extrajudiciales se convirtieron en una política de Estado', provea.org · State killings · Extrajudicial executions by security forces registered by Provea, 2020 link
  • Provea, 'Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela, Informe 2023: Derecho a la Vida', p. 2 · State killings · Extrajudicial executions by security forces registered by Provea, 2023 link
  • Provea, 'Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela, Informe Anual 2018: Derecho a la Vida', p. 7 · State killings · Killings by security forces in 'resistance to authority' cases, 2018 link
  • Rafael Arráiz Lucca (historian), '1952: When Jovito's Constituyente Win Was Stolen', Caracas Chronicles, 30 Nov 2018 · Prisoners · Political prisoners under the military junta / Pérez Jiménez, 1951-52; Guasina concentration camp (Orinoco delta), 1951-52 link
  • Roberto Briceño León, 'Contabilidad de la muerte', in Cuando la muerte tomó las calles (Caracas, 1990), p. 103; cited in Margarita López Maya, 'The Venezuelan Caracazo of 1989', Journal of Latin American Studies 35 (2003), p. 129 · State killings · Caracazo repression, 27 February - March 1989 link
  • Venezuelan Attorney General's Office, as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Punished for Protesting: Rights Violations in Venezuela's Streets, Detention Centers, and Justice System', 5 May 2014 · State killings · 2014 anti-government protests (February-June 2014) link
  • Venezuelan Attorney-General's Office, as reported in OHCHR, 'Human rights violations and abuses in the context of protests in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from 1 April to 31 July 2017' (August 2017), executive summary · State killings · 2017 anti-government protests (April-July 2017) link
  • Venezuelan authorities (Maduro / Attorney General), as reported in Human Rights Watch, 'Venezuela: Brutal Crackdown on Protesters, Voters', 4 Sept 2024 · Prisoners · Post-election crackdown, 29 July - August 2024 link
  • Venezuelan government official figure (276 dead), as reported by COFAVIC, 'Hechos 1989 - Caracazo', Espacio Memoria y Verdad · State killings · Caracazo repression, 27 February - March 1989 link
▶VietnamPeace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007Historians and scholars · Executions, prisoners, excess deathsRights groups and NGOs · Prisoners, custody deathsGovernment records · Prisoners, excess deathsClaims by a party · Executions, prisonersInternational bodies · Prisoners

Datasets

Books, archives and reports (30)

  • Amnesty International, Political Prisoners in South Vietnam, AI Index ASA 41/01/73, 1973, pp. 5-7 · Prisoners · Civilian political detainees held by the Saigon government, 1973 link
  • Amnesty International, Viet Nam: Renovation (Doi Moi), the Law and Human Rights in the 1980s, AI Index ASA 41/01/90, February 1990, section 5 · Prisoners · Re-education camps after 1975: long-term internees officially acknowledged link
  • Amnesty International, Viet Nam: Renovation (Doi Moi), the Law and Human Rights in the 1980s, AI Index ASA 41/01/90, February 1990, section 5.2 · Prisoners · Re-education camps: 1975 detainees still held, official statement December 1979 link
  • Balazs Szalontai, 'Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955-56', Cold War History 5(4), 2005, pp. 395-426 · Executions, prisoners · Land reform campaign, executions; Land reform campaign, imprisonments recorded in Hungarian diplomatic documents link
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, p. 713 ('Vietnamese Casualties'). · Wounded, military deaths · Vietnam War link
  • Edwin E. Moise, errata and update to Land Reform in China and North Vietnam (1983), author's website, Clemson University · Executions · Land reform campaign, executions link
  • Edwin E. Moise, Land Reform in China and North Vietnam (University of North Carolina Press, 1983); author's errata page · Executions · Land reform campaign, executions link
  • FIDH and Vietnam Committee on Human Rights (VCHR / Que Me), 'Vietnam: at least 200 political prisoners behind bars', 6 March 2014 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held link
  • Gareth Porter and James Roberts, 'Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation', Pacific Affairs 61(2), Summer 1988, pp. 303-310 · Prisoners · Re-education camps after 1975: total long-term internees link
  • Gareth Porter, 'The Myth of the Bloodbath: North Vietnam's Land Reform Reconsidered', Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 5(2), 1973 · Executions · Land reform campaign, executions link
  • Ginetta Sagan and Stephen Denney, 'Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death', The Indochina Newsletter, October-November 1982 · Prisoners · Re-education camps: people still held in 1982 link
  • Government of the Republic of Vietnam figure, cited in Amnesty International, Political Prisoners in South Vietnam, AI Index ASA 41/01/73, 1973, p. 5 · Prisoners · Civilian political detainees held by the Saigon government, 1973 link
  • Government of Vietnam survey figure publicized April 1995, reported in Shenon, Philip, '20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate', The New York Times, 23 April 1995, Section 1, p. 12. · Civilian deaths · Vietnam War: Vietnamese civilians killed (North and South) link
  • Government of Vietnam, figures released 3 April 1995, as reported by the Associated Press: 'Vietnam says 1.1 million died fighting for North'. The Virginian-Pilot, 4 April 1995. · Wounded, military deaths · Vietnam War link
  • Gunn, Geoffrey (2011). 'The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited'. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 9(5), no. 4, article 3483. · Excess deaths · Vietnamese famine of 1944-45 link
  • Ho Chi Minh (1945). Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam, 2 September 1945 ('more than two million of our fellow-citizens died from starvation'). · Excess deaths · Vietnamese famine of 1944-45
  • Human Rights Watch (2026). World Report 2026: Vietnam. New York: Human Rights Watch. · Prisoners · Political prisoners in Vietnam link
  • Human Rights Watch, Montagnard Christians in Vietnam: A Case Study in Religious Repression, 30 March 2011 · Prisoners, custody deaths · Montagnard repression in the Central Highlands: people sentenced on national-security charges since 2001; Montagnards who died in prisons, jails or police lock-ups since 2001 link
  • Human Rights Watch, No Sanctuary: Ongoing Threats to Indigenous Montagnards in Vietnam's Central Highlands, June 2006, Summary · Prisoners, state killings · Montagnard repression: highlanders imprisoned since 2001; Montagnard Easter-week protests, April 2004: demonstrators killed by security forces link
  • Human Rights Watch, World Report 2025: Vietnam (events of 2024) · Prisoners · Rights activists and bloggers serving prison sentences, end of 2024 (Human Rights Watch) link
  • Jacqueline Desbarats, 'Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation', in John Norton Moore (ed.), The Vietnam Debate (University Press of America, 1990) · Executions · Extrajudicial executions after the fall of Saigon link
  • Jacqueline Desbarats, 'Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation', in The Vietnam Debate (1990) · Deportations · Forced population transfers to New Economic Zones after 1975 link
  • Lam Thanh Liem, 'Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime?' (reproduced at PaulBogdanor.com) · Executions · Land reform campaign, executions link
  • Lewy, Guenter (1978). America in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 442-453. · Civilian deaths · Vietnam War: Vietnamese civilians killed (North and South)
  • Project88, Report on the Fourth Periodic Review of Vietnam by the UN Human Rights Committee, 26 May 2025, p. 1 · Prisoners · Political prisoners held, May 2025 link
  • Project88, Report on the Fourth Periodic Review of Vietnam by the UN Human Rights Committee, 26 May 2025, p. 16 · Custody deaths · Political prisoners who died in prison from alleged medical neglect since 2019 link
  • Provisional Revolutionary Government estimate, cited in Amnesty International, Political Prisoners in South Vietnam, ASA 41/01/73, 1973, p. 5 and n. 2 · Prisoners · Civilian political detainees held by the Saigon government, 1973 link
  • Robert F. Turner, Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development (Hoover Institution, 1975), p. 143 · Executions · Land reform campaign, executions link
  • Vietnam Ministry of Public Security report (Feb 2017), as reported in Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2016 (ACT 50/5740/2017), April 2017 · Executions · Judicial executions, 6 Aug 2013 - 30 Jun 2016 (Ministry of Public Security report made public Feb 2017) link
  • Vu Tuong, Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 103 · Executions · Land reform campaign, executions link
▶YemenUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

▶ZambiaUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989

Datasets

▶ZimbabweUppsala Conflict Data Program · Deaths since 1989Peace Research Institute Oslo · Battle deaths 1946–2008Correlates of War · War deaths before 2007

Datasets

Sources for the atlas’s other views (government, press, religion, children and society) apply to every country alike and are listed on the methods page.